Hasty generalizations and generics in medical research: A systematic review.

It is unknown to what extent medical researchers generalize study findings beyond their samples when their sample size, sample diversity, or knowledge of conditions that support external validity do not warrant it. It is also unknown to what extent medical researchers describe their results with precise quantifications or unquantified generalizations, i.e.

Generalization Bias in Science.

Many scientists routinely generalize from study samples to larger populations. It is commonly assumed that this cognitive process of scientific induction is a voluntary inference in which researchers assess the generalizability of their data and then draw conclusions accordingly. We challenge this view and argue for a novel account.

Algorithmic Political Bias in Artificial Intelligence Systems.

Some artificial intelligence (AI) systems can display algorithmic bias, i.e. they may produce outputs that unfairly discriminate against people based on their social identity.

Extended Implicit Bias: When the Metaphysics and Ethics of Implicit Bias Collide.

It has recently been argued that to tackle social injustice, implicit biases and unjust social structures should be targeted equally because they sustain and ontologically overlap with each other. Here I develop this thought further by relating it to the hypothesis of extended cognition. I argue that if we accept common conditions for extended cognition then people's implicit biases are often partly realized by and so extended into unjust social structures.

In vitro evaluation of the anti-pathogenic activity of Okoubaka aubrevillei on the human gastrointestinal tract.

Background:   is used in traditional West African medicine and in homeopathy for treatment and prevention of several gastrointestinal problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of repeated doses of two products (10 % ethanolic tincture, mother tincture (MT); 3 decimal potency, 3X) on the microbial activity of physiological human colon microbiota using a Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME) and to investigate any preventive effect against infections with diarrhea-causing pathogens.

Methods:  Upon inoculation with fecal microbiota from a healthy donor, 4 parallel proximal colon compartments of the SHIME were treated either with MT, 3X, ethanol control or blank control for 7 days.

Weighing the costs: the epistemic dilemma of no-platforming.

'No-platforming'-the practice of denying someone the opportunity to express their opinion at certain venues because of the perceived abhorrent or misguided nature of their view(s)-is a hot topic. Several philosophers have advanced epistemic reasons for using the policy in certain cases. Here we introduce epistemic considerations against no-platforming that are relevant for the reflection on the cases at issue.

Hidden figures: epistemic costs and benefits of detecting (invisible) diversity in science.

Demographic diversity might often be present in a group without group members noticing it. What are the epistemic effects if they do? Several philosophers and social scientists have recently argued that when individuals detect demographic diversity in their group, this can result in epistemic benefits even if that diversity doesn't involve cognitive differences. Here I critically discuss research advocating this proposal, introduce a distinction between two types of detection of demographic diversity, and apply this distinction to the theorizing on diversity in science.

Source attribution of community-acquired cases of Legionnaires' disease-results from the German LeTriWa study; Berlin, 2016-2019.

Introduction: Sources of infection of most cases of community-acquired Legionnaires' disease (CALD) are unknown.

Objective: Identification of sources of infection of CALD.

Setting: Berlin; December 2016-May 2019.

Quality of life and outcome of patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer receiving first-line chemotherapy with nab-paclitaxel and gemcitabine: Real-life results from the prospective QOLIXANE trial of the Platform for Outcome, Quality of Life and Translational Research on Pancreatic Cancer registry.

Few data exist on health-related quality of life (QoL) in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer (mPC) receiving first-line chemotherapy (Awad L ZE, Mesbah M Boston, MA. Applying survival data methodology to analyze quality of life data, in Mesbah M, Cole BF, Ting Lee M-L (eds): Statistical Methods for Quality of Life Studies: Design, Measurements and Analysis. Kluwer Academic Publishers 2002).

[Consequences of a Failed Project: Introduction and Management of a Hospitalization-Substituting Treatment Model].

This article is a report on a psychiatric project introducing services that substitute in-patient treatment and a new control and management system. The implementation of the project was a failure. Nevertheless, the project has made a contribution to further development of community-based psychiatry.

Human thinking, shared intentionality, and egocentric biases.

The paper briefly summarises and critiques Tomasello's (2014) . After offering an overview of the book, the paper focusses on one particular part of Tomasello's proposal on the evolution of uniquely human thinking and raises two points of criticism against it. One of them concerns his notion of thinking.