[Methods of surgical treatment of advanced hydronephrosis in children].

For the establishment of the therapeutic procedure in advanced hydronephroses the basic criterion is the functional state of their damaged kidney which can be assessed best by scintigraphy. The results of plastic repair of the damaged pelviureteral portion depends on the stage of hydronephrosis and the child's age. The best results were achieved in less damaged kidneys (hydronephroses I and II) in all age groups and in advanced hydronephroses (IV and V) in children under the age of one year.

Familial hydronephrosis unlinked to the HLA complex.

Clinical findings, management, and possible linkage of congenital hydronephrosis caused by ureteropelvic junction stenosis to the HLA complex were studied in four families. These families provide evidence of possible autosomal dominant inheritance. HLA class I antigen studies in all four and class II (HLA-DR) in three families were performed.

[Prenatal and postnatal ultrasonic screening in the early diagnosis and treatment of congenital developmental defects of the kidneys and urinary tract].

The author presents a group of 97 children with congenital developmental malformations of the kidneys and urinary pathways diagnosed by ultrasound screening in 1990-1994. In 15 children the diagnosis was established prenatally, in 67 children by early postnatal screening and in 15 children during examination of the hip joints. The majority was formed by obstructive uropathies.

Importance of sonography with furosemide in continuing dilatation after pyeloplasty.

The continuance of collecting system dilatation after plastic repairing of the ureteropelvic junction in children progressed hydronefrosis may have two causes, the first one is a great progress of the process, that do not allow to repair the dilatation, the second one is to be a failure with the operation. Another treatment depends on differentiating there two causes. Authors used ultrasonography with furosemide test.

Doppler ultrasonography in evaluation of renal hemodynamics in hydronephrosis in children.

Resistence index (RI) measurement by the Doppler sonography is a noninvasive diagnostic method which was introduced in the diagnosis of hydronephrosis in children in 1989. In 1991 Palmer modified this method by administering furosemide (Diuretic Doppler ultrasonography) in order to distinguish an obstructional and nonobstructional dilatation of the upper urinary tract. The method is based on the fact that an obstruction of the upper urinary tract results in increasing of the intrarenal arterial resistence and therefore in decreasing of vascular flow.

Large prostatic utricle--unusual cause of urine infection.

A large prostatic utricle is a rare anomaly of the urinary tract. In individuals with scrotal or perineal hypospadia and cryptorchism it occurs even in 34%. The author reports on two children diagnosed for a large prostatic utricle which caused urine infection and obstruction of low urinary tract.

[Ultrasonographic examination in the follow-up of patients after kidney transplantation].

The authors followed-up in 1988-1994 a total of 134 patients after renal transplantation by ultrasonographic examinations in the B mode, Doppler frequency analysis and coloured Doppler mapping. They summarize the basic sonographic pictures during a normal development after transplantation and in case of surgical and non-surgical complications. They evaluate sonography as the basic examination method which is not quite specific for different complications but makes it possible to detect them in the initial stage and to indicate in time further examinations and treatment.

Indications to surgery of primary vesicoureteral reflux.

The authors report on their experience with surgical treatment of primary vesicoureteral reflux in 315 children in whom 358 operations were performed. Indications to surgical management of the congenital defect are defined. The frequent familial occurrence of this disease is pointed out.

[Vesicoureteral reflux: a familial study].

In order to assess the familial incidence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) the authors examined a group of 54 families of children treated on account of this disease. Genealogical analysis revealed the same defect in two parents (1.8%), i.

[Tuberous sclerosis from the viewpoint of the urologist].

Renal lesions in patients with tuberous sclerosis are angiomyolipomas which are found in 47-73% of patients and cysts which are less frequent and are encountered in 18-53%. Usually they are multiple and bilateral. In the majority they are asymptomatic, sometimes they cause however by their invasive growth renal damage and serious clinical manifestations.

Heredity and origin of duplication of the pelvicalyceal collecting system.

The present study was undertaken in an effort to prove the significance of genetic factors and their role in the origin of one of the most commonly occurring anomaly, i.e. the duplication of the pelvicalyceal collecting system.

[Duplication of the urethra in boys].

Duplicity of the urethra as an isolated unit is found only in men. According to the classification of Williams and Kenawi of 1975 most frequently sagittal duplicity is involved. As to the site of the orifice of the ectopic urethra different types are found - epispadic, hypospadic, spindle-shaped type of urethra and Y-shaped duplicity.