Critical vitamin D and iron intakes in infants aged 6-11 months: results from the nationwide German KiESEL study.

Background: Nutrient intake during the phase of complementary feeding is pivotal for healthy development, yet current data for European infants are lacking.

Objective: To provide latest data on energy and nutrient intake of infants in Germany, to compare these with the Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) of the European Food Safety Authority, and to assess the contribution of vitamin D supplementation and commercial infant foods to nutrient intake.

Design: Analyses are based on weighed food records (3 + 1 day) of 118 infants aged 6-11 months from the representative cross-sectional Children's Nutrition Survey to Record Food Consumption (KiESEL) conducted in Germany from 2014 to 2017.

NutriDiary, a Smartphone-Based Dietary Record App: Description and Usability Evaluation.

Background: Repeated applications of short-term dietary assessment instruments are recommended for estimating usual dietary intake. For this purpose, NutriDiary, a smartphone app for collecting weighed dietary records (WDRs) in the German population, was developed.

Objective: We aim to describe NutriDiary and evaluate its usability and acceptability.

Trends in Physical Fitness in Children and Adolescents Within the Past 18 Years (DONALD Study).

Objective: To evaluate the trends in physical fitness in children and adolescents.

Method: The present study focusses on a longitudinal analysis of the single two-legged jump (S2LJ) from children and adolescents, who participated in the DONALD study from 2004 till 2022. P /body mass (power, surrogate for muscular performance), V (bounce speed, surrogate for coordination), F /body mass (force, surrogate for muscular strength) and (Nerve-Muscle Index, surrogate for jump efficiency) were examined by linear mixed models and propensity-score(PS)-matching analysis.

Association of Ultraprocessed Foods Intake with Untargeted Metabolomics Profiles in Adolescents and Young Adults in the DONALD Cohort Study.

Background: High consumption of ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) continues to draw significant public health interest because of the associated negative health outcomes. Metabolomics can contribute to the understanding of the biological mechanisms through which UPFs may influence health.

Objectives: To investigate urine and plasma metabolomic biomarkers of UPF intake in adolescents and young adults.

Dietary patterns among children and adolescents in Germany consuming vegetarian, vegan or omnivore diets: results of the VeChi Youth Study.

Purpose: To identify dietary patterns of vegetarian, vegan and omnivore children and adolescents in Germany and to examine associations with nutrient intake.

Methods: First, three principal component analyses based on 17-22 food groups were used to identify dietary patterns among vegetarians (n = 145, 3-day weighed dietary records), vegans (n = 110) and omnivores (n = 135) from the cross-sectional Vegetarian and Vegan Children and Youth (VeChi Youth) Study (2017-2019, 6-18 years, 57% girls). Secondly, these patterns were correlated (Spearman correlations) with energy and nutrient intakes.

Metabolomics signatures of sweetened beverages and added sugar are related to anthropometric measures of adiposity in young individuals: results from a cohort study.

Background: The associations of sweetened beverages (SBs) and added sugar (AS) intake with adiposity are still debated. Metabolomics could provide insights into the mechanisms linking their intake to adiposity.

Objectives: We aimed to identify metabolomics biomarkers of intake of low- and no-calorie sweetened beverages (LNCSBs), sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and ASs and to investigate their associations with body mass index, body fat percentage, and waist circumference.

Intake of free sugar among children and adolescents in Germany declines - current results of the DONALD study.

Purpose: Our recent analysis reported decreasing trends in intake of free sugar in children and adolescents in Germany. Here we set out to update this analysis with current dietary intake (until 2023) because of the strong public health nutrition interest in sugar intake.

Methods: In total, 4,218 dietary records kept between 2010 and 2023 by 751 participants (46.

Environmental sustainability of diets among children and adolescents in the German DONALD cohort study: age and time trends, and nutrient adequacy.

Background: Identifying diets beneficial for both human and planetary health has become increasingly important. However, to date, there is limited research on sustainable diets for children and adolescents, a vulnerable population group with specific nutritional needs.

Objectives: We aimed to identify 1) the main determinants; 2) age and time trends of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), land use (LU), and water use (WU) of diets of children and adolescents; and 3) analyze the associations of dietary GHGE, LU, and WU with nutrient adequacy.

Glycemic response to meals with a high glycemic index differs between morning and evening: a randomized cross-over controlled trial among students with early or late chronotype.

Purpose: Glycemic response to the same meal depends on daytime and alignment of consumption with the inner clock, which has not been examined by individual chronotype yet. This study examined whether the 2-h postprandial and 24-h glycemic response to a meal with high glycemic index (GI) differ when consumed early or late in the day among students with early or late chronotype.

Methods: From a screening of 327 students aged 18-25 years, those with early (n = 22) or late (n = 23) chronotype participated in a 7-day randomized controlled cross-over intervention study.

The association between dairy intake in adolescents on inflammation and risk markers of type 2 diabetes during young adulthood: results of the DONALD study.

Objective: The aim of this analysis was to investigate whether habitual intake of total dairy (TD) or different dairy types (liquid, solid, fermented, non-fermented, low-fat, high-fat, low-sugar and high-sugar dairy) during adolescence is associated with biomarkers of low-grade inflammation as well as risk factors of type 2 diabetes in young adulthood.

Design: Multivariable linear regression analyses were used to investigate prospective associations between estimated TD intake as well as intake of different types of dairy and a pro-inflammatory score, based on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL-6, IL-18, leptin and adiponectin, and insulin resistance assessed as Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance in an open-cohort study.

Setting: Dortmund, Germany.

Unfavorable nutrient intakes in children up to school entry age: results from the nationwide German KiESEL study.

Background: Nutrition in the first years of life is a cornerstone for child development and long-term health, yet there is a lack of current data on energy and nutrient intake among toddlers and preschoolers in Germany.

Objective: To analyze energy and nutrient intake in toddlers (1- to 2-year-olds) and preschoolers (3- to 5-year-olds) in Germany and compare the results with the Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) by the European Food Safety Authority.

Design: Dietary intake was assessed by weighed food record data (3 + 1 day) of 890 children from the representative cross-sectional Children's Nutrition Survey to Record Food Consumption (KiESEL), carried out in 2014-2017 as a module of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents Wave 2.

Empirically derived portion sizes from the DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study for 4- to 18-year-old children and adolescents to simplify analysis of dietary data using FFQ.

Objective: To apply FFQ, knowledge about portion sizes is relevant. According to increased energy and nutrient requirements, average portion sizes of foods are supposed to increase during growth. We provide empirically derived portion sizes for 4- to 18-year-olds in different age groups to facilitate analyses of FFQ data in children and adolescents.

Place of Residence Is Associated with Dietary Intake and BMI-SDS in Children and Adolescents: Findings from the DONALD Cohort Study.

We aimed to determine whether place of residence in the German urban food environment is associated with habitual dietary intake (energy, macronutrients, and food groups) and body mass index (standard deviation score of BMI and BMI-SDS). Our hypothesis was that place of residence may explain some variation in dietary intake and nutritional outcomes. For the cross-sectional analyses of DONALD study data, we grouped participants according to their geocoded residence in the north or south of Dortmund.

Multivariable reference centiles for maximum grip strength in childhood to young adults.

Objectives: Maximum grip strength (mGS) is a useful predictor of health-related outcomes in children and adults. The aim of the study was to generate sex- and age-adjusted reference centiles for mGS for children, adolescents and young adults, while adjusting for body height and body mass index (BMI).

Methods: A retrospective analysis of longitudinal data from children and young adults participating in the DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study (single center, open cohort study) from 2004 to 2022 was conducted.

Cohort profile update-overview of over 35 years of research in the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study.

Purpose: To provide an update on the cohort profile of the DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study, including objectives, study design, methods and description of the comprehensive data pool, as well as to summarize the most important research findings of recent years.

Methods: In 1985, the open (dynamic) cohort started to collect information on diet, growth, development, and metabolism of healthy children and adolescents in Dortmund, Germany. Detailed data are collected annually during infancy, childhood, and adolescence of the participants, including a 3-day weighed dietary record, a 24-h urine sample, anthropometric and medical examinations as well as interviews on lifestyle.

Alignment between timing of 'highest caloric intake' and chronotype in relation to body composition during adolescence: the DONALD Study.

Purpose: Our aim was to assess alignment in timing of 'highest caloric intake' with individual chronotype and its association with body composition in adolescents.

Methods: We used repeatedly collected data from n = 196 adolescents (age 9-16 years, providing N = 401 yearly questionnaires) of the DONALD open cohort study. Chronotype was assessed by the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire from which midpoint of sleep (MSFsc) was derived.

Jumping Mechanography: Reference Centiles in Childhood and Introduction of the Nerve-Muscle Index to Quantify Motor Efficiency.

Jumping mechanography provides robust motor function indicators among children. The study aim was to develop centiles for the single 2-leg jump (S2LJ) in German children and adolescents and to identify differences in children with obesity. Data were collected in 2004-2021 through the German DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) study.

Chronobiological changes due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents in the DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed cohort study.

Unlabelled: Due to the lockdown of schools as one of the COVID-19 control measures, adolescents have had the opportunity to re-organise their daily lives; e.g. some of them have adapted their bedtimes to the new situation during the lockdown in favour of their own chronotype.

Exploring the association of physical activity with the plasma and urine metabolome in adolescents and young adults.

Background: Regular physical activity elicits many health benefits. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms through which physical activity influences overall health are less understood. Untargeted metabolomics enables system-wide mapping of molecular perturbations which may lend insights into physiological responses to regular physical activity.

Replication and mediation of the association between the metabolome and clinical markers of metabolic health in an adolescent cohort study.

Metabolomics-derived metabolites (henceforth metabolites) may mediate the relationship between modifiable risk factors and clinical biomarkers of metabolic health (henceforth clinical biomarkers). We set out to study the associations of metabolites with clinical biomarkers and a potential mediation effect in a population of young adults. First, we conducted a systematic literature review searching for metabolites associated with 11 clinical biomarkers (inflammation markers, glucose, blood pressure or blood lipids).

The association of chronotype and social jet lag with body composition in German students: The role of physical activity behaviour and the impact of the pandemic lockdown.

Young adults with a later chronotype are vulnerable for a discrepancy in sleep rhythm between work- and free days, called social jet lag (SJL). This study analysed (i) chronotype/SJL association with visceral fat/skeletal muscle mass, (ii) the attribution to physical activity behaviour, and (iii) chronotype-specific changes in physical activity behaviour in young adults during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdown. Chronotype and SJL were derived from the Munich-Chrono-Type-Questionnaire in 320 German students (age 18-25 years) from September 2019 to January 2020, 156 of these participated in an online follow-up survey in June 2020.

How Does Selenium Intake Differ among Children (1-3 Years) on Vegetarian, Vegan, and Omnivorous Diets? Results of the VeChi Diet Study.

In regions with low selenium soil concentrations, selenium can be considered a critical nutrient for vegetarians and vegans. While the number of vegetarians and vegans is increasing in many countries, a large research gap remains in this field. For example, to date, no study seems to have assessed selenium intake in vegetarian and vegan children.

Health relevance of lowering postprandial glycaemia in the paediatric population through diet': results from a multistakeholder workshop.

To summarize current knowledge and gaps regarding the role of postprandial glycaemic response in the paediatric population, a workshop was organized in June 2021 by the European branch of the International Life Science Institute (ILSI). This virtual event comprised of talks given by experts followed by in-depth discussions in breakout sessions with workshop participants. The main pre-specified topics addressed by the workshop organizing committee to the invited speakers and the workshop participants were: (1) the role of glycaemic responses for paediatric health, based on mechanistic insights from animal and human data, and long-term evidence from observational and intervention studies in paediatric populations, and (2) changes in metabolism and changes in dietary needs from infancy to adolescence.

Food Costs of Children and Adolescents Consuming Vegetarian, Vegan or Omnivore Diets: Results of the Cross-Sectional VeChi Youth Study.

The aim was to analyse the total food costs and the impact of food groups on total food costs among vegetarian, vegan and omnivore children and adolescents in Germany. Based on three-day weighed dietary records of 6-18-year-old children and adolescents of the VeChi Youth Study, the total daily food costs and food group costs (both EUR/day, EUR/1000 kcal) of a vegetarian (n = 145 records), vegan (n = 110) and omnivore (n = 135) diet were calculated. Minimum retail prices of 1000 empirically selected foods reported in the dietary records were linked to individual food intakes.

Commercial Complementary Food in Germany: A 2020 Market Survey.

As consumption of commercial complementary food (CCF) during infancy and toddlerhood is common, the aim of the present study was to describe the current (2020) German market of CCF products targeted at infants and toddlers with a special focus on ingredients, macronutrients, and the practice of nutrient fortification. Information on age declarations, ingredients, energy and nutrient contents, and nutrient fortification was obtained in a market survey by contacting the producers and searching manufacturers’ websites. Each product was assigned to 1 of 13 product categories (menus, milk−cereal−meal, fruit−cereal−meal, oil, vegetables, meat, fish, fruits, cereals, snack foods, pouches, desserts, beverages).