COVID-19 Vaccines over Three Years after the Outbreak of the COVID-19 Epidemic.

The outbreak of COVID-19 started in December 2019 and spread rapidly all over the world. It became clear that the development of an effective vaccine was the only way to stop the pandemic. It was the first time in the history of infectious diseases that the process of the development of a new vaccine was conducted on such a large scale and accelerated so rapidly.

Application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification combined with colorimetric and lateral flow dipstick visualization as the potential point-of-care testing for Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

Background: Diphtheria outbreaks occurred in endemic areas and imported and indigenous cases are reported in UE/EEA. Because of the high infectiveness and severity of the disease, early and accurate diagnosis of each suspected case is essential for the treatment and management of the case and close contacts. The aim of the study was to establish simple and rapid testing methods based on Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and differentiation between toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains.

Changes in MLST profiles and biotypes of Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolates from the diphtheria outbreak period to the period of invasive infections caused by nontoxigenic strains in Poland (1950-2016).

Background: Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a re-emerging pathogen in Europe causing invasive infections in vaccinated persons and classical diphtheria in unvaccinated persons. In the presented study we analysed genetic changes in C. diphtheriae isolates collected in Poland from the period before the introduction of the mass anti-diphtheria vaccination to the present time when over 98% of the population is vaccinated.

Effect of different Bacillus Calmette-Guerin substrains on growth inhibition of T24 bladder cancer cells and cytokines secretion by BCG activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of PBMCs.

Background: Bladder carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract. Approximately 75-85% of patients present non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Standard primary treatment for NIMBC is transurethral resection (TUR) followed by intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy.

[Susceptibility of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains isolated from probiotic products to antimicrobial agents].

Introduction: Probiotics Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), when given in relevant dose, are able to induce strain-specific beneficial effects for health of humans or animals.

Methods: L. rhamnosus strains originating from four medicinal products, 2 dietary foods for special medical purposes and dietary supplement, were tested for susceptibility to antibiotics and chemotherapeutics following L.

[Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of probiotic bacterial strains used in medicinal products].

Introduction: The optimization of quality testing strategy of products containing probiotics might allow to general improvement of its safer use in humans. The goal of the study was the evaluation of quality expressed by identity, colony forming unit (CFU) and antibiotic sensitivity ofprobiotics used in medicinal products available in Poland using the appropriate and validated procedures.

Methods: The medicinal products containing L.

Mechanism of Vipera berus venom activity and the principles of antivenom administration in treatment.

In the present paper, the actual knowledge on the composition and toxic properties of the European common viper venom was analyzed. The organism response to the particular components and the methods of neutralization of venom toxin in bitten person were presented. On the basis of literature data, the clinical course of envenomation with its classification according to the severity of symptoms was characterized.

[Induction of micronuclei in somatic cells of mice exposed to x-rays or nonylphenol and to a combination of both agents].

The effects of X-rays, nonylphenol (NL) and combination of both agents on the induction of micronuclei in mouse somatic cells were investigated. Pzh: SFIS mice were exposed during 2 weeks, 5 days per week to X-rays (doses: 0.05 Gy, 0.

Male-mediated developmental toxicity in mice after 8 weeks'exposure to low doses of X-rays.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of subchronic irradiation of male mice on reproduction ability and induction of male-mediated teratogenesis.

Materials And Methods: Male mice were irradiated to 0.05 Gy, 0.

Reproductive effects after exposure of male mice to vincristine and to a combination of X-rays and vincristine.

This study was performed to investigate the effects of exposure to vincristine (VCR) alone (1 mg kg(-1) or 2 mg kg(-1)) and in combination with X-rays (0.25 Gy + 1 mg kg(-1) VCR or 1.00 Gy + 2 mg kg(-1) VCR) on the quality and quantity of spermatozoa, and the offspring of exposed Pzh : Sfis male mice.