Patients recovering from COVID-19 who presented with anosmia during their acute episode have behavioral, functional, and structural brain alterations.

Patients recovering from COVID-19 commonly exhibit cognitive and brain alterations, yet the specific neuropathological mechanisms and risk factors underlying these alterations remain elusive. Given the significant global incidence of COVID-19, identifying factors that can distinguish individuals at risk of developing brain alterations is crucial for prioritizing follow-up care. Here, we report findings from a sample of patients consisting of 73 adults with a mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection without signs of respiratory failure and 27 with infections attributed to other agents and no history of COVID-19.

Frequency of diminished ovarian reserve in women with multiple sclerosis in Chile: An exploratory study.

Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease affecting around 2.8 million people worldwide. Two-thirds are women, and the mean age at diagnosis is about 30 years old.

Socioeconomic, health-care access and clinical determinants of disease severity in Multiple Sclerosis in Chile.

Background: MS severity may be affected by genetic, patient-related, disease-related and environmental factors. Socioeconomic status, including income and healthcare access, amongst others, may also have a role in affecting diagnostic delay or therapy prescription. In Chile, two main healthcare systems exist, public-healthcare and private-healthcare, nonetheless universal care laws (e.

Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) in Chile: lessons learned from challenging cases.

Background: Anti-Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) Antibody Associated Disease (MOGAD) is an emerging disorder recognized as a clinical entity distinct from Multiple Sclerosis and Aquaporin-4-positive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD-AQP4+), and its phenotypic spectrum continues to expand. Most information about its clinical course has emerged from retrospective studies, and treatment response both in acute and chronic-relapsing disease is still limited. We aimed to describe the clinical and paraclinical characteristics of monophasic and relapsing, paediatric and adult patients with MOGAD under regular clinical care in Chile, highlighting some challenging cases that are far from being considered benign.

Acute to Chronic Electro-Clinical Manifestations of Neuro-COVID and the Long-Haul Consequences in People With Epilepsy: A Review.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) infection can involve the central nervous system (CNS). Acute symptomatic seizures or epileptiform discharges have not been commonly reported in patients with altered mental status related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. However, long-term neurological symptoms have been reported after COVID-19 infection (i.

Safety and humoral response rate of inactivated and mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with Multiple Sclerosis.

Background: Safety and effectiveness outcomes in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients receiving different disease-modifying therapies (DMT) and different types of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are limited. Growing evidence coming mainly from Israel, Europe and North America using mRNA and adenoviral vector vaccines has been published.

Objectives: To assess the safety and humoral response of inactivated virus and mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with MS.

Pregnancy outcomes in women with Multiple Sclerosis.

Introduction: Women represent two-thirds of the MS population and are usually diagnosed during childbearing age. Collection of local information about pregnancy outcomes is fundamental to support individual decision-making.

Objective: To explore the trends in pregnancy decision making and pregnancy outcomes before (PreMS) and after (PostMS) MS diagnosis.

EEG findings and clinical prognostic factors associated with mortality in a prospective cohort of inpatients with COVID-19.

Purpose: Our objective is to describe the most prevalent electroencephalographic findings in COVID-19 hospitalized patients, and to determine possible predictors of mortality including EEG and clinical variables.

Methods: A multicentric prospective observational study in patients with COVID-19 requiring EEG during hospitalization.

Results: We found 94 EEG from 62 patients (55 % men, mean age 59.

Prevalence of comorbidities in Multiple Sclerosis and impact on physical disability according to disease phenotypes.

Background: Comorbidities are prevalent among Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients. Few studies have characterized their prevalence and impact in Latin American populations.

Objective: We aim to assess the prevalence of comorbidities and their impact on the risk of physical disability across different MS phenotypes.

Forecasting Seizure Freedom After Epilepsy Surgery Assessing Concordance Between Noninvasive and StereoEEG Findings.

Background: Accurate localization of the probable Epileptogenic Zone (EZ) from presurgical studies is crucial for achieving good prognosis in epilepsy surgery.

Objective: To evaluate the degree of concordance at a sublobar localization derived from noninvasive studies (video electroencephalography, EEG; magnetic resonance imaging, MRI; 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography FDG-PET, FDG-PET) and EZ estimated by stereoEEG, in forecasting seizure recurrence in a long-term cohort of patients with focal drug-resistant epilepsy.

Methods: We selected patients with a full presurgical evaluation and with postsurgical outcome at least 1 yr after surgery.

Multiple sclerosis and related disorders: Short report peripheral vascular events in a real-world cohort of multiple sclerosis patients using Fingolimod.

Background: Fingolimod is a high-efficacy disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS) and was the first oral treatment approved for the disease. Adverse events include bradyarrhythmia, hypertension, macular oedema and increased risk of infections, mainly due to its main mechanism of action, the non-selective modulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor.

Methods And Results: We report the baseline characteristics, effectiveness outcomes and adverse events of a prospective cohort of 177 patients with a median treatment duration of 24 months, in which four patients (2.

Frontoparietal connectivity correlates with working memory performance in multiple sclerosis.

Working Memory (WM) impairment is the most common cognitive deficit of patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). However, evidence of its neurobiological mechanisms is scarce. Here we recorded electroencephalographic activity of twenty patients with relapsing-remitting MS and minimal cognitive deficit, and 20 healthy control (HC) subjects while they solved a WM task.

LGI1-antibody associated epilepsy successfully treated in the outpatient setting.

We report six patients with anti-LGI1 associated epilepsy. Two patients presented with new-onset generalized tonic-clonic seizures, four developed faciobrachial dystonic seizures and two piloerection. All patients had significant cognitive complaints at the time of diagnosis.

Efficacy of andrographolide in not active progressive multiple sclerosis: a prospective exploratory double-blind, parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune mediated disease and the progressive phase appears to have significant neurodegenerative mechanisms. The classification of the course of progressive MS (PMS) has been re-organized into categories of active vs. not active inflammatory disease and the presence vs.

Refractory epilepsy associated with anti-ribosomal P antibodies successfully treated with topiramate.

We report the case of a 25-year-old woman who developed temporal lobe epilepsy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples showed high titers of anti-ribosomal P (anti-P) antibodies with negative anti-NMDAR antibodies. She was receiving prednisone and azathioprine, with normalization of SLE serum markers, but without changes in titers of anti-P antibodies.

Stereo-EEG ictal/interictal patterns and underlying pathologies.

Purpose: To define Stereo-EEG (SEEG) ictal and interictal patterns associated with different pathologies in a cohort of patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed findings from 102 patient with epilepsy due to Polymicrogyria (PMG), Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia (PNH), Focal Cortical Dysplasia (FCD) type I, IIa, IIb and Hippocampal Sclerosis (HS). Ictal and interictal SEEG recordings were reviewed to describe Seizure Onset Zone (SEEG-SOZ) patterns and to define the Lesional and Irritative Zones.

Corpus callosum atrophy and post-surgical seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy associated with hippocampal sclerosis.

Objective: Our aim in this retrospective study was to explore whether corpus callosum atrophy could predict the post-surgical seizure control in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy associated with Hippocampal Sclerosis (HS).

Methods: We used the Corpus Callosum Index (CCI) obtained from best mid-sagittal T2/FLAIR or T1-weighted MRI at two time-points, more than one year apart. CCI has been mainly used in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), but not in epilepsy, so we tested the validity of our results performing a proof of concept cohort, incorporating MS patients with and without epilepsy.

Relationship between Social Cognition and traditional cognitive impairment in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis and possible implicated neuroanatomical regions.

Background: Cognitive impairment is a relevant contributor of the medical and social burden in Progressive MS. Social Cognition, the neurocognitive processes underlying social interaction, has been explored mainly in European and North American cohorts, influencing social aspects of quality of life (QOL) of early MS patients and families. Few studies have studied Social Cognition in Progressive MS and the literature on its neuroanatomical bases or brain atrophy measurements is still scarce.

Risk factors of early adverse drug reactions with phenytoin: A prospective inpatient cohort.

Introduction: Phenytoin (PHT) is an effective and inexpensive antiepileptic drug (AED). However, its use has been limited for fear of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and is being replaced by newer AED, increasing the costs and causing major budget problems, particularly for developing countries.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine ADR frequency, explore, and establish related risk factors.

[Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: profile of a cohort according to the 2015 diagnostic criteria].

Introduction: The new 2015 criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) have been recently incorporated in the study of different international cohorts.

Aim: To describe clinical-radiological characteristics and prognostic factors in patients with NMOSD according to the 2015 criteria.

Patients And Methods: Retrospective analysis of 36 patients diagnosed with NMOSD according to serologic AQP4 status (positive, negative, unknown and negative + unknown).