The course of diabetes in children, adolescents and young adults: does the autoimmunity status matter?

Background: Initial classification of diabetes of young may require revision to improve diagnostic accuracy of different forms of diabetes. The aim of our study was to examine markers of beta-cell autoimmunity in a cohort of young (0-25 years) patients with type 1 diabetes and compare the presentation and course of the disease according to the presence of pancreatic antibodies.

Methods: Cross-sectional population-based study was performed covering 100% of pediatric (n = 860) and 70% of 18-25 years old adult patients (n = 349) with type 1 diabetes in Lithuania.

Seasonal variation in month of diagnosis in children with type 1 diabetes registered in 23 European centers during 1989-2008: little short-term influence of sunshine hours or average temperature.

Background: The month of diagnosis in childhood type 1 diabetes shows seasonal variation.

Objective: We describe the pattern and investigate if year-to-year irregularities are associated with meteorological factors using data from 50 000 children diagnosed under the age of 15 yr in 23 population-based European registries during 1989-2008.

Methods: Tests for seasonal variation in monthly counts aggregated over the 20 yr period were performed.

The risk of early cardiovascular disease in Lithuanian diabetic children and adolescents: a type 1 diabetes register database based study.

Aims: The aim was to assess the frequency and correlates of selected cardiovascular disease risk factors among Lithuanian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Methods: A cohort of 539 T1DM children was investigated. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride (TG), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) was determined.

Breast-feeding and childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a pooled analysis of individual participant data from 43 observational studies.

Objective: To investigate if there is a reduced risk of type 1 diabetes in children breastfed or exclusively breastfed by performing a pooled analysis with adjustment for recognized confounders.

Research Design And Methods: Relevant studies were identified from literature searches using MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE. Authors of relevant studies were asked to provide individual participant data or conduct prespecified analyses.

Trends in childhood type 1 diabetes incidence in Europe during 1989-2008: evidence of non-uniformity over time in rates of increase.

Aims/hypothesis: The aim of the study was to describe 20-year incidence trends for childhood type 1 diabetes in 23 EURODIAB centres and compare rates of increase in the first (1989-1998) and second (1999-2008) halves of the period.

Methods: All registers operate in geographically defined regions and are based on a clinical diagnosis. Completeness of registration is assessed by capture-recapture methodology.

Interbirth interval is associated with childhood type 1 diabetes risk.

Short interbirth interval has been associated with maternal complications and childhood autism and leukemia, possibly due to deficiencies in maternal micronutrients at conception or increased exposure to sibling infections. A possible association between interbirth interval and subsequent risk of childhood type 1 diabetes has not been investigated. A secondary analysis of 14 published observational studies of perinatal risk factors for type 1 diabetes was conducted.

Birth order and childhood type 1 diabetes risk: a pooled analysis of 31 observational studies.

Background: The incidence rates of childhood onset type 1 diabetes are almost universally increasing across the globe but the aetiology of the disease remains largely unknown. We investigated whether birth order is associated with the risk of childhood diabetes by performing a pooled analysis of previous studies.

Methods: Relevant studies published before January 2010 were identified from MEDLINE, Web of Science and EMBASE.

Birthweight and the risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies using individual patient data.

Aims/hypothesis: We investigated whether children who are heavier at birth have an increased risk of type 1 diabetes.

Methods: Relevant studies published before February 2009 were identified from literature searches using MEDLINE, Web of Science and EMBASE. Authors of all studies containing relevant data were contacted and asked to provide individual patient data or conduct pre-specified analyses.

Maternal age at birth and childhood type 1 diabetes: a pooled analysis of 30 observational studies.

Objective: The aim if the study was to investigate whether children born to older mothers have an increased risk of type 1 diabetes by performing a pooled analysis of previous studies using individual patient data to adjust for recognized confounders.

Research Design And Methods: Relevant studies published before June 2009 were identified from MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE. Authors of studies were contacted and asked to provide individual patient data or conduct prespecified analyses.

Caesarean section is associated with an increased risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies.

Aims/hypothesis: The aim of this study was to investigate the evidence of an increased risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in children born by Caesarean section by systematically reviewing the published literature and performing a meta-analysis with adjustment for recognised confounders.

Methods: After MEDLINE, Web of Science and EMBASE searches, crude ORs and 95% CIs for type 1 diabetes in children born by Caesarean section were calculated from the data reported in each study. Authors were contacted to facilitate adjustments for potential confounders, either by supplying raw data or calculating adjusted estimates.

Early mortality in EURODIAB population-based cohorts of type 1 diabetes diagnosed in childhood since 1989.

Aims/hypothesis: The aims of this study were to provide a contemporary picture of mortality and causes of death in Europe following a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes made before the 15th birthday, and to examine excess mortality by country for possible links to incidence level or national prosperity.

Methods: Thirteen population-based EURODIAB registers in 12 countries followed-up 28,887 children diagnosed since 1989, either by record linkage to population registers or through contact with doctors providing care.

Results: There were 141 deaths in the cohort during 219,061 person-years of follow-up compared with 69.

Serum hormone levels and anthropometric characteristics in girls with hyperandrogenism.

Unlabelled: Polycystic ovary syndrome is considered to originate during puberty. The aim of this study was to investigate hormonal status in relationship to anthropometric data in girls with premature adrenarche and adolescent girls with hyperandrogenism, as these conditions are related to polycystic ovary syndrome in adulthood.

Materials And Methods: 20 girls with premature adrenarche (aged 4.

Onset of breast and pubic hair development in 1231 preadolescent Lithuanian schoolgirls.

Background: Correct staging of puberty is essential in order to differentiate different pathologies, as various components of the endocrine system influence breast, pubic, and axillary hair development.

Aims: To determine the current timing of adrenarche and breast development in Lithuanian preadolescent schoolgirls.

Methods: Cross-sectional study of 1231 schoolgirls aged 7.

Time trend of childhood type 1 diabetes incidence in Lithuania and Sweden, 1983-2000.

Aim: To compare the time trend of childhood type 1 diabetes over an 18-y period in Lithuania and Sweden--countries with different incidence levels and different socio-economic conditions.

Methods: Percent average incidence change per year between 1983 and 2000, based on 8031 Swedish and 1100 Lithuanian cases in the age group 0-14 y, was calculated using Poisson regression.

Results: Average age- and sex-standardized incidence/100 000/y was 28.

Incidence, prevalence, and mortality of insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus in Lithuanian children during 1983-98.

Aims/hypothesis: Our purpose is to analyze interrelations of the incidence, prevalence and mortality of childhood-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1) in Lithuania.

Methods: Incidence and prevalence rates were based on the national type 1 diabetes register during 1983-98. The cohort study was performed to evaluate the standardized mortality ratios.

Incidence of type 1 diabetes in Lithuanians aged 0-39 years varies by the urban-rural setting, and the time change differs for men and women during 1991-2000.

Objective: Type 1 diabetes has been associated with factors related to welfare and social class. During the past decade, Lithuania has experienced a transition period, leading to dramatic changes in the socioeconomic structure of the society.

Research Design And Methods: Incidence in the group aged 0-39 years by urban-rural setting (cities >100000 inhabitants, towns, and rural areas), period (1991-1995 and 1996-2000), age, and sex were studied using Poisson regression.

Severity at onset of childhood type 1 diabetes in countries with high and low incidence of the condition.

Severity of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) at presentation was compared between south-east Sweden and Lithuania where incidence of childhood Type 1 diabetes is three times lower than in Sweden. New cases of diabetes at age 0-15 years from August 1995 to March 1999 in south-east Sweden and from August 1996 to August 2000 in Lithuania were included. Symptoms and clinical characteristics at diagnosis were recorded.

Increasing incidence of childhood-onset type I diabetes in 3 Baltic countries and Finland 1983-1998.

Aims/hypothesis: We aimed to study the incidence of Type I diabetes in 4 countries, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland, during 1983-1998, focusing on the two separate periods of 1983-1990 and 1991-1998.

Methods: Population-based incidence data from nationwide diabetes registries were used. Crude and age-standardized incidence rates using the proportions of 39%, 32% and 29% for 5-year age groups (0-4, 5-9 and 10-14 years) were calculated.

A comparison of the prevalence of islet autoantibodies in children from two countries with differing incidence of diabetes.

Aims/hypothesis: To examine the prevalence of sub-: clinical islet autoimmunity in children from two countries with a twofold to threefold difference in incidence of childhood Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus.

Methods: Sera were collected from 2,860 English and 3,053 Lithuanian non-diabetic schoolchildren according to the same protocol. Occult diabetes was excluded by blood glucose measurement.

Infections and risk of Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Lithuanian children.

Aims/hypothesis: The role of infections in the aetiology of Type I diabetes is controversial. Certain enteroviral infections might be involved in triggering the beta-cell destruction but insufficient exposure to early infections might increase the risk. We studied how the number of infections experienced during several periods from birth to onset influence diabetes risk.

Mortality in patients with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in Finland, Estonia, and Lithuania: follow-up of nationwide cohorts.

Objective: To assess mortality of population-based cohorts of childhood-onset type 1 diabetic patients from the Eastern European countries of Estonia and Lithuania and compare this information with recent data from Finland.

Research Design And Methods: Estonian (n = 518) and Finnish (n = 5,156) type 1 diabetic cohorts were diagnosed between 1980 and 1994, and the Lithuanian (n = 698) cohort was diagnosed between 1983 and 1994. The mortality of these cohorts was determined in 1995.

Seasonal variation in the incidence of Type 1 diabetes mellitus during 1983 to 1992 in the countries around the Baltic Sea.

Aim: To examine seasonal patterns of incidence of Type 1 diabetes mellitus incidence in children aged 0-14 years in Finland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania during 1983-1992 (1987-1992 for Finland).

Methods: The study used a method that models incidence data using combinations of sine waves to model seasonal variation around a possible linear trend.

Results: In Finland, a significant pattern was found for combined sexes and age groups 0-9 and 10-14 years.

Incidence trends in childhood onset IDDM in four countries around the Baltic sea during 1983-1992.

We present secular trends of childhood onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania during the period of 1983-1992. Incidence data were obtained from the national IDDM registries. The average age-standardized incidence per 100,000/year was 35.

Comparison of the incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in childhood among five Baltic populations during 1983-1988.

We have carried out a comparison of the incidence of childhood onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) between five populations around the Baltic Sea. These were Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. The risk of IDDM is highest in the world in Finland and also very high in Sweden, on the western and northern side of the Baltic Sea.