Comparison of the reverse scan technique with an intraoral scanner and the traditional impression technique.

Statement Of Problem: Intraoral scanners have many advantages but have limited applicability for extensive tooth-supported or implant-supported prostheses because of merging errors.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the reverse scan technique (RST) with an intraoral scanner using the traditional impression technique both in vitro and in vivo.

Material And Methods: A participant was scanned 10 times with an intraoral scanner.

Head poses and grimaces: Challenges for automated face identification algorithms?

In today's biometric and commercial settings, state-of-the-art image processing relies solely on artificial intelligence and machine learning which provides a high level of accuracy. However, these principles are deeply rooted in abstract, complex "black-box systems". When applied to forensic image identification, concerns about transparency and accountability emerge.

Virtual fit and design improvements of a filtering half-mask for sub-adult wearers.

The recent pandemic has shown that protecting the general population from hazardous substances or pathogens can be a challenging and urgent task. The key element to adequate protection is appropriately sized, well-fitted and sufficiently distributed personal protective equipment (PPE). While these conditions are followed for adult PPE wearers, they are less considered when it comes to protecting subadults.

Maxillary Sinus Volume and Its Effect on Treated Impacted Canines.

The goal of study was to explore the role of 3D CBCT (cone beam computer tomography) in detecting impacted canines and their movement to evaluate the influence of orthodontic therapy parameters on treatment options, and to monitor quality of healing process based on shape and size of sinus maxillae volume. It is known that the volume of maxillary sinus plays an important role in patients with impacted teeth. The prospective study consisted of 26 individuals.

Photobiomodulation Therapy After Mesiodens Surgery: Evaluation of Immunological Markers and Three-Dimensional X-Ray Analysis-Placebo-Controlled Study.

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) applies therapeutic lasers or light-emitting diodes radiation to the surface of the body. From the medical point of view, PBMT systems have been employed for reducing pain, inflammation, and edema, promoting healing of wounds, deeper tissues and nerves, preventing tissue damage, etc. PBMT or biostimulation has a wide range of applications in maxillofacial surgery.

Association between Swallowing-Related Questionnaire Responses and Pathological Signs on Videofluoroscopy in Children.

The aim of this study was to identify relationships in children between responses to specific questions of interest in a clinical questionnaire concerning swallowing-related difficulties and pathological signs on a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). A prospective data analysis was made of children evaluated with swallowing disorder between January 2018 and April 2021 at a tertiary care centre. Each child enrolled in the study underwent a subjective evaluation (targeted questions) and instrumental examination (VFSS).

Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study in Diagnostics of H-Type Tracheoesophageal Fistula in Children.

Esophageal atresia remains one of the most challenging congenital anomalies of the newborn. It can occur with or without tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), and to date, there are still no universally recommended diagnostic procedures. The so-called H-type TEF is that without esophageal atresia, and its prevalence is lower than 5% of all TEFs.

Studying factors influencing facial developmental instability.

Background: Developmental instability is a component of non-genetic variation that results from random variation in developmental processes. It is considered a sensitive indicator of the physiological state of individuals. It is reflected in various ways, but in this study we focussed on its reflection in fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and morphological integration.

Comparison of 2D OPG image versus orthopantomogram from 3D CBCT from the forensic point of view.

Forensic dental identification has employed traditionally 2D digital radiological imaging techniques. More recently, 3D cone beam computer tomography (CBCT) data, widely applied in clinical dentistry, have been gradually used. The purpose of this study was to compare the precision and quality of 2D digital orthopantomogram (OPG) and 2D OPG images generated from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Age verification using random forests on facial 3D landmarks.

Three-dimensional facial images are becoming more and more widespread. As such images provide more information about facial morphology than 2D imagery, they show great promise for use in future forensic applications, including age estimation and verification. This paper proposes an approach using random forests, a machine learning method, to develop and test models for classification of legal age thresholds (15 years and 18 years) using 3D facial landmarks.

Digital restoration of fragmentary human skeletal remains: Testing the feasibility of virtual reality.

Experts in forensic anthropology and medicine have become gradually accustomed to examining components of the human body in the virtual workspace. While the computer-assisted approach offers numerous benefits, the interactions with digital three-dimensional biological objects are often problematic, particularly if conducted with mouse, keyboard and flat-panel screen. The study focusses on feasibility of a virtual reality (VR) system for virtual restoration of fragmentary skeletal remains.

Family effects on the digit ratio (2D:4D): The role of the interbirth interval.

Objectives: Family represents the closest social environment that immediately affects human ontogeny from an early prenatal period. This study aimed to assess sibship influences on the second-to-fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D ratio).

Methods: The source sample represented 329 children aged 6.

Sexual dimorphism in human facial expressions by 3D surface processing.

Human face is a dynamic system where facial expressions can rapidly modify geometry of facial features. Facial expressions are believed to be universal across world populations, but only a few studies have explored whether grimacing is sexually dimorphic and if so to what extent. The present paper explores inter- and intra-individual variation of human facial expressions with respect to individual's sex based on a set of neutral and expression-varying 3D facial scans.

Applying 3D prints to reconstructing postmortem craniofacial features damaged by devastating head injuries.

Postmortem facial identification is one of the most common techniques for establishing a deceased person's identity. In victims suffering from devastating cranial injuries, the feasibility of facial identification tasks can be compromised by damage to or disfigurement of the identifying cranial features. Although there are several reconstructive approaches, which help experts to restore the essence of person's physical appearance, thus enhancing the chances of recognition, only a few of them involve restoring the fractured cranial bones as the foundation for the reconstructed soft tissues.

Using drone-mounted cameras for on-site body documentation: 3D mapping and active survey.

Recent advances in unmanned aerial technology have substantially lowered the cost associated with aerial imagery. As a result, forensic practitioners are today presented with easy low-cost access to aerial photographs at remote locations. The present paper aims to explore boundaries in which the low-end drone technology can operate as professional crime scene equipment, and to test the prospects of aerial 3D modeling in the forensic context.

The virtual approach to the assessment of skeletal injuries in human skeletal remains of forensic importance.

While assessing skeletal injuries in human skeletal remains, forensic anthropologists are frequently presented with fractured, fragmented, or otherwise modified skeletal remains. The examination of evidence and the mechanisms of skeletal injuries often require that separate osseous elements be permanently or temporarily reassembled or reconstructed. If not dealt with properly, such reconstructions may impede accurate interpretation of the evidence.

Sex and ancestry assessment of Brazilian crania using semi-automatic mesh processing tools.

The present paper aims to test performances of semi-automatic tools for mesh-to-mesh processing while assessing sex and ancestry in documented human crania. The studied sample of 80 human crania, which originated in two documented Brazilian collections (São Paulo, Brazil) was digitized using photogrammetry and laser scanning. 3D cranial morphology was quantified by computing inter-mesh dissimilarity measures using in-house freeware FIDENTIS Analyst (www.

Testing photogrammetry-based techniques for three-dimensional surface documentation in forensic pathology.

Three-dimensional surface technologies particularly close range photogrammetry and optical surface scanning have recently advanced into affordable, flexible and accurate techniques. Forensic postmortem investigation as performed on a daily basis, however, has not yet fully benefited from their potentials. In the present paper, we tested two approaches to 3D external body documentation - digital camera-based photogrammetry combined with commercial Agisoft PhotoScan(®) software and stereophotogrammetry-based Vectra H1(®), a portable handheld surface scanner.

Agenesis of the superior cornua of the thyroid cartilage: a rare variant of medicolegal importance.

It is important that forensic pathologists are familiar with variations in the size and shape of the laryngohyoid complex when interpreting injuries and pathology of the head and neck region. Accurate postmortem examination of the laryngohyoid structures may be difficult if anatomical variation in these structures is present. Agenesis of the upper horns of the thyroid cartilage has medicolegal significance because it may be mistaken for a fracture or other trauma-related conditions.

[The application of X-ray imaging in forensic medicine].

X-ray is the most common, basic and essential imaging method used in forensic medicine. It serves to display and localize the foreign objects in the body and helps to detect various traumatic and pathological changes. X-ray imaging is valuable in anthropological assessment of an individual.

Testing the reliability of software tools in sex and ancestry estimation in a multi-ancestral Brazilian sample.

In the framework of forensic anthropology osteometric techniques are generally preferred over visual examinations due to a higher level of reproducibility and repeatability; qualities that are crucial within a legal context. The use of osteometric methods has been further reinforced by incorporating statistically-based algorithms and large reference samples in a variety of user-friendly software applications. However, the continued increase in admixture of human populations have made the use of osteometric methods for estimation of ancestry much more complex, which confounds one of major requirements of ancestry assessment - intra-population homogeneity.

What is the appropriate approach in sex determination of hyoid bones?

The hyoid bone is characterized by sexually dimorphic features, enabling it to occasionally be used in the sex determination aspect of establishing the biological profile in skeletal remains. Based on a sample of 298 fused and non-fused hyoid bones, the present paper compares several methodological approaches to sexing human hyoid bones in order to test the legitimacy of osteometrics-based linear discriminant equations and to explore the potentials of symbolic regression and methods of geometric morphometrics. In addition, two sets of published predictive models, one of which originated in an indigenous population, were validated on the studied sample.

Sex assessment using clavicle measurements: inter- and intra-population comparisons.

We studied sexual dimorphism of the human clavicle in order to describe size variation and create population-specific discriminant tools for morphometric sex assessment. The studied sample consisted of 200 skeletons of adult individuals obtained from the University of Athens Human Skeletal Reference Collection, Athens, Greece. The specimens were well-documented and represented a modern population from cemeteries in the Athens area.

The morphology of human hyoid bone in relation to sex, age and body proportions.

Morphological aspects of the human hyoid bone are, like many other skeletal elements in human body, greatly affected by individual's sex, age and body proportions. Still, the known sex-dependent bimodality of a number of body size characteristics overshadows the true within-group patterns. Given the ambiguity of the causal effects of age, sex and body size upon hyoid morphology the present study puts the relationship between shape of human hyoid bone and body proportions (height and weight) under scrutiny of a morphological study.