Selected Mechanisms of Action of Bacteriophages in Bacterial Infections in Animals.

Bacteriophages, as ubiquitous bacterial viruses in various natural ecosystems, play an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the natural microbiota. For many years, bacteriophages were not believed to act on eukaryotic cells; however, recent studies have confirmed their ability to affect eukaryotic cells and interact with the host immune system. Due to their complex protein structure, phages can also directly or indirectly modulate immune processes, including innate immunity, by modulating phagocytosis and cytokine reactions, as well as acquired immunity, by producing antibodies and activating effector cells.

Lameness in Cattle-Etiopathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment.

The aim of this review was to analyse the health problem of lameness in dairy cows by assessing the health and economic losses. This review also presents in detail the etiopathogenesis of lameness in dairy cattle and examples of its treatment and prevention. This work is based on a review of available publications.

Integrative and Conjugative Elements and Prophage DNA as Carriers of Resistance Genes in Strains from Domestic Geese in Poland.

Goose erysipelas is a serious problem in waterfowl breeding in Poland. However, knowledge of the characteristics of strains causing this disease is limited. In this study, the antimicrobial susceptibility and serotypes of four strains from domestic geese were determined, and their whole-genome sequences (WGSs) were analyzed to detect resistance genes, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), and prophage DNA.

Bacteriophages for Controlling spp. Pathogens on Dairy Cattle Farms: In Vitro Assessment.

Pathogenic spp. strains are significant agents involved in mastitis and in skin and limb infections in dairy cattle. The aim of this study was to assess the antibacterial effectiveness of bacteriophages isolated from dairy cattle housing as potential tools for maintaining environmental homeostasis.

Characterization of Strains Isolated from Various Poultry Species in Poland.

() is one of the common pathogens found in poultry flocks, resulting in serious economic losses for the poultry industry due to high mortality, reduced growth rate, poor feed conversion, increased condemnations, and high treatment costs. The aim of this study was to phenotypically characterize phylogenetic relationships and assess the presence of resistance gene strains of obtained from various poultry species in Poland. A total of 57 isolates of were included in this study.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes in Staphylococci Isolated from Aviary Capercaillies and Free-living Birds in South-eastern Poland.

Introduction: The current study characterises bacteria recovered from dead free-living birds and captive capercaillies kept in south-eastern Poland. The results provide novel information about the antimicrobial resistance phenotype/genotype and the virulence profile of these bacteria.

Material And Methods: Samples of internal organs were taken from dead birds.

Determination of Anti-phage Antibodies in Calf Sera Following Application of and -specific Bacteriophages.

Introduction: The widespread occurrence of drug-resistant bacteria has increased interest in alternatives to antibiotics for combatting bacterial infections, among which bacteriophages play an important role. The ability of phage proteins to induce an anti-phage immune response can significantly limit the effectiveness of treatment, which was the basis for the study described in this article. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of bacteriophages on the induction of an anti-phage humoral response in calves.

Pet Reptiles in Poland as a Potential Source of Transmission of .

Reptiles are considered a potential source of transmission to humans. The aim of this research was to determine the incidence of in pet reptiles in Poland and to examine isolates with regard to their biochemical characteristics, serotype, antimicrobial susceptibility, and pathogenic and zoonotic potential. The research material consisted of 67 reptile faeces samples.

Virulence Profiles and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Strains from Pet Reptiles.

Exotic reptiles are increasingly being bred as pets in many countries around the world, including Poland. However, the close contact between reptiles and their owners provides favourable conditions for the transmission of zoonotic pathogens. In this work, we examined isolates from 67 captive reptiles regarding their virulence, antibiotic susceptibility, phylogenetic affiliation, and genetic diversity.

Bacteriophages as an Alternative Method for Control of Zoonotic and Foodborne Pathogens.

The global increase in multidrug-resistant infections caused by various pathogens has raised concerns in human and veterinary medicine. This has renewed interest in the development of alternative methods to antibiotics, including the use of bacteriophages for controlling bacterial infections. The aim of this review is to present potential uses of bacteriophages as an alternative to antibiotics in the control of bacterial infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria posing a risk to humans, with particular emphasis on foodborne and zoonotic pathogens.

Characterization and Comparison of spp. Isolates from Feces of Healthy Dogs and Urine of Dogs with UTIs.

spp. are opportunistic pathogens of both humans and animals characterized by high resistance to antimicrobials. Dogs could be intestinal carriers or suffer from infections, mainly urinary tract infections (UTIs).

The presence of pathogens and heavy metals in urban peregrine falcons ().

Background And Aim: Wild birds raised in urban environments may be exposed to many negative factors, including biological and chemical toxic elements. The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of bacteria and parasites in wild birds, based on the example of the peregrine falcon () as a potential indicator of bacterial drug resistance genes. Toxicological contamination was also analyzed to determine the impact of urbanized areas on this predatory species, in terms of its health, welfare, and survival in urban environments.

Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Profiles of Strains Isolated from Wild Birds in Poland.

Wild animals are increasingly reported as carriers of antibiotic-resistant and pathogenic bacteria including . However, the role of free-living birds as reservoirs for potentially dangerous microbes is not yet thoroughly understood. In our work, we examined strains from wild birds in Poland in relation to their antimicrobial agents susceptibility, virulence and phylogenetic affiliation.

Therapeutic and Prophylactic Effect of the Experimental Bacteriophage Treatment to Control Diarrhea Caused by in Newborn Calves.

The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria causing neonatal diarrhea in calves has become a serious problem in the control of infection. Due to increasing antibiotic resistance, bacteriophages with probiotics are considered the best alternative. The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of a suppository containing probiotic strains of spp.

Biodiversity of Strains from Poultry and Domestic Pigeons.

is an important member of the human and animal gut microbiota, and selected strains are promising probiotics, but knowledge of the characteristics of avian isolates is still limited. In this study, we examined selected phenotypic and genotypic traits of 33 strains from geese, chickens, turkeys and pigeons. The strains varied in terms of cell size, colony morphology, broth growth characteristics, biofilm formation, tolerance to bile, hydrophobicity and phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance profiles.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Enterococcus spp. from yolk sac infections in broiler chicks with a focus on virulence factors.

Bacterial infections of yolk sacs contribute to increased mortality of chicks, chronic infections during their rearing, or increased selection in the flock, which in turn leads to high economic losses in poultry production worldwide. The aim of this study was a phenotypic and genotypic characterization of enterococci isolated from yolk sac infections (YSI) of broiler chickens from Poland and the Netherlands. Biochemical, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-time-of-flight (TOF) MS, and rpoA gene sequencing identification was performed.

The in vitro efficacy of eye drops containing a bacteriophage solution specific for Staphylococcus spp. isolated from dogs with bacterial conjunctivitis.

Background: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial effect of experimental eye drops with bacteriophages in elimination of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from dogs with bacterial conjunctivitis..

Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles of fecal lactobacilli from domesticated pigeons in Poland.

Lactobacillus species play an important role in the host and although they are non-pathogenic, they could act as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes, with the potential risk of transfer to other bacteria inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to identify Lactobacillus species derived from feces of domesticated pigeons and to characterize their phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles. A total of 57 Lactobacillus isolates were classified into six species using the MALDI-TOF technique and 16S rDNA restriction analysis.

Efficacy of experimental phage therapies in livestock.

Bacteriophages are the most abundant form of life on earth and are present everywhere. The total number of bacteriophages has been estimated to be 1032 virions. The main division of bacteriophages is based on the type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and on the structure of the capsid.

Experimental Phage Therapies in Companion Animals with A Historical Review.

Background: The aim of the review was to comprehensively characterize the antimicrobial efficacy of bacteriophages in eliminating pathogens occurring in companion animals, as an alternative to antibiotics for controlling infections that pose potential threats to the health and life of people and to the environment.

Methods: The review contains detailed information on the characteristics and classification of bacteriophages and an analysis of their life cycle. The dominant element is a detailed analysis of the experimental use of bacteriophages in combating infections caused by various microorganisms in companion animals with regard to their potential use in therapy.

Susceptibility of chicken Lactobacillus bacteria to coccidiostats.

The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility of Lactobacillus bacteria to selected coccidiostats. Seventy-five Lactobacillus isolates obtained from chickens were classified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 16S rDNA restriction analysis into seven species, among which L. salivarius (33%) and L.

Antibiotic Susceptibility and Virulence Genes in Isolates from Wild Mammals Living in Tuscany, Italy.

Drug resistance is of great importance to human and animal health, but wild environments are still poorly understood in terms of their function as reservoirs of dangerous microbes and resistance determinants. The aim of the study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility and virulence factors of bacteria from wildlife in Tuscany, Italy. Of the 36 mammalian fecal samples, 52 isolates were derived and classified as (46% of isolates), (19%), (13%), (8%), (6%), (4%), (2%), and (2%) using both matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and methods based on analysis of genetic material.

Biofilm formation capacity and presence of virulence factors among commensal Enterococcus spp. from wild birds.

Enterococci are opportunistic pathogens that can form biofilms during infections and many virulence determinants are involved in this process. Although the virulence factors are often analysed in Enterococcus spp. from humans and food animals, little is known about gut enterococcal isolates from wild birds.

Detection of Antibiotic Resistance and Classical Enterotoxin Genes in Coagulase -negative Staphylococci Isolated from Poultry in Poland.

Introduction: The study sought to characterise antimicrobial resistance among coagulase-negative (CNS) species recovered from broiler chickens and turkeys in Poland including the presence of 12 antimicrobial resistance genes and five classical genes of staphylococcal enterotoxins.

Material And Methods: A panel of 11 antimicrobial disks evaluated the phenotypic sensitivity of the tested strains to antibiotics. Five multiplex PCR assays were performed using primer pairs for specific detection of antibiotic resistance genes and staphylococcal enterotoxin A to E genes.