Animal vs Plant-Based Meat: A Hearty Debate.

Plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) are highly processed food products that typically replace meat in the diet. In Canada, the growing demand for PBMAs coincides with public health recommendations to reduce ultra-processed food consumption, which prompts the need to investigate the long-term health implications of PBMAs. This review assesses the available literature on PBMAs and cardiovascular disease (CVD), including an evaluation of their nutritional profile and impact on CVD risk factors.

Primary and Ipilimumab-induced Hypophysitis: A Single-center Case Series.

Purpose: To present a case series of primary and immunotherapy-related secondary hypophysitis.

Methods: A single-center retrospective chart review was performed at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Eleven cases of primary hypophysitis and 2 cases of immunotherapy-related secondary hypophysitis were included.

Maintenance of Acromegaly Control in Patients Switching From Injectable Somatostatin Receptor Ligands to Oral Octreotide.

Purpose: The phase 3 CHIASMA OPTIMAL trial (NCT03252353) evaluated efficacy and safety of oral octreotide capsules (OOCs) in patients with acromegaly who previously demonstrated biochemical control while receiving injectable somatostatin receptor ligands (SRLs).

Methods: In this double-blind study, patients (N = 56) stratified by prior SRL dose were randomly assigned 1:1 to OOC or placebo for 36 weeks. The primary end point was maintenance of biochemical control at the end of treatment (mean insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1] ≤ 1.

Diabetes Nurse Case Management in a Canadian Tertiary Care Setting: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objectives: To examine the effects of a 6-month nurse case manager (NCM) intervention compared to standard care (SC) on glycemic control and diabetes distress in a Canadian tertiary-care setting.

Methods: We recruited 140 adults with type 2 diabetes and glycated hemoglobin (A1C) levels >8% (64 mmol/mol) from 2 tertiary care facilities and randomized them to: 1) a 6-month NCM intervention in addition to SC or 2) SC by the primary endocrinologists. Assessments were conducted at baseline and at 6 months.

Angiographic evidence of proliferative retinopathy predicts neuropsychiatric morbidity in diabetic patients.

Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common vasculopathy categorized as either non-proliferative (NPDR) or proliferative (PDR),characterized by dysfunctional blood-retinal barrier (BRB) and diagnosed using fluorescein angiography (FA). Since the BRB is similar in structure and function to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and BBB dysfunction plays a key role in the pathogenesis of brain disorders, we hypothesized that PDR, the severe form of DR, is likely to mirror BBB damage and to predict a worse neuropsychiatric outcome.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted among subjects with diabetes (N=2982) with FA-confirmed NPDR (N=2606) or PDR (N=376).

Preventing diabetes in primary care: a feasibility cluster randomized trial.

Objective: To determine the feasibility of implementing a large-scale primary care-based diabetes prevention trial.

Methods: A feasibility cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted in British Columbia, Canada, amongst adults with prediabetes using the Facilitated Lifestyle Intervention Prescription (FLIP) vs. usual care.

Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia is prevalent and unpredictable for patients undergoing cancer therapy: an observational cohort study.

Background: Patients with cancer are often treated with glucocorticoids (gcs) as part of therapy, which may cause hyperglycemia. We sought to define the prevalence of, and risk factors for, hyperglycemia in this setting.

Methods: Adult patients taking gc as part of therapy protocols for primary brain tumour or metastasis, for lymphoma, or for bone marrow transplant (bmt) were screened with random glucometer measurements taken at least 3 hours after the last dose gcs.

Inflammatory biomarkers CRP, MCP-1, serum amyloid alpha and interleukin-18 in patients with HTN and dyslipidemia: impact of diabetes mellitus on metabolic syndrome and the effect of statin therapy.

The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of HTN (HTN) and the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), amyloid alpha (AA) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) in persons with HTN, considering concomitant diabetes mellitus (DM) or metabolic syndrome (MS). This was a multicenter twelve-week, single-step titration, open-label study of individuals with dyslipidemia, assigned according to their initial risk assessment, to atorvastatin starting doses of 10, 20, 40 or 80 mg. In subjects with HTN (N=677) versus no HTN (N=581), there were significantly (P<0.

2012 update of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the adult.

Many developments have occurred since the publication of the widely-used 2009 Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) Dyslipidemia guidelines. Here, we present an updated version of the guidelines, incorporating new recommendations based on recent findings and harmonizing CCS guidelines with those from other Societies. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used, per present standards of the CCS.

Emerging trends in the diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly in Canada.

Objective: To evaluate demographic data and quality of care of patients with acromegaly in Canada and their evolution over time and secondly, to evaluate predictors of co-morbidities and treatment outcomes.

Design And Patients: Retrospective analyses of clinical, biochemical and treatment outcome data of 649 patients with acromegaly (males: 50·7%) followed from 1980 to 2010 (mean 10·2 years, SD 13·7) in eight tertiary care centres from six Canadian provinces.

Results: In comparison to 1980-1994, the number of patients referred with acromegaly in the last 15 years was higher with female preponderance (52·8% vs 41·4%, P = 0·01) and an older age at diagnosis (46·4 ± 14 vs 41·3 ± 12 years, P < 0·0001).

COST: Cognitive State Test, a brief screening battery for Alzheimer disease in illiterate and literate patients.

Background: The aim was to develop a brief screening battery, Cognitive State Test (COST), for detecting the presence of dementia in both illiterate and literate patients and to assess its validity and reliability.

Methods: COST is a cognitive screening tool that consists of almost all cognitive domains. It takes 5-7 minutes to administer, and has a maximum score of 30.

Management of prolactinomas during pregnancy -- a survey of four Canadian provinces.

Purpose: The guidelines for management of prolactinomas during pregnancy are mostly based on retrospective evidence or expert opinion. We conducted a survey to assess the current trends in management of prolactinomas during pregnancy.

Methods: A case-based electronic questionnaire was sent in January 2011 to all practicing endocrinologists, in four Canadian provinces: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and British Columbia with three cases of varying severity; ranging from a microprolactinomas to a large macroprolactinomas compressing the optic chiasm.

Poor achievement of guidelines-recommended targets in type 2 diabetes: findings from a contemporary prospective cohort study.

Aims: To prospectively evaluate diabetes management in the primary care setting and explore factors related to guideline-recommended triple target achievement [blood pressure (BP) ≤ 130/80 mmHg, A1C ≤ 7% and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol < 2.5 mmol/l].

Methods: Baseline, 6 and 12 month data on clinical and laboratory parameters were measured in 3002 patients with type 2 diabetes enrolled as part of a prospective quality enhancement research initiative in Canada.

Characterization of management and outcomes of patients with acromegaly in Vancouver over 30 years.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize the management and outcomes of patients with acromegaly seen in single center in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada over a 30 year period.

Methods: The study involved retrospective data collection from charts of patients diagnosed with acromegaly since 1980: 130 patients (63 male and 67 female) were included in the analysis, with a mean age at diagnosis of 43 years (male) and 47 years (female).

Results: The most common presenting features included acral enlargement, coarse facial features, sweating/oily skin and headache.

Cost-effectiveness of second-line antihyperglycemic therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on metformin.

Background: Metformin is widely accepted as first-line pharmacotherapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus when glycemic control cannot be achieved by lifestyle interventions alone. However, uncertainty exists regarding the optimal second-line therapy for patients whose diabetes is inadequately controlled by metformin monotherapy. Increased use of newer, more costly agents, along with the rising incidence of type 2 diabetes, carries significant budgetary implications for health care systems.

Identification and management of cardiometabolic risk in Canada: a position paper by the cardiometabolic risk working group (executive summary).

With the objectives of clarifying the concepts related to "cardiometabolic risk," "metabolic syndrome" and "risk stratification" and presenting practical strategies to identify and reduce cardiovascular risk in multiethnic patient populations, the Cardiometabolic Working Group presents an executive summary of a detailed analysis and position paper that offers a comprehensive and consolidated approach to the identification and management of cardiometabolic risk. The above concepts overlap and relate to the atherogenic process and development of type 2 diabetes. However, there is confusion about what these terms mean and how they can best be used to improve our understanding of cardiovascular disease treatment and prevention.

Cardiometabolic risk in Canada: a detailed analysis and position paper by the cardiometabolic risk working group.

The concepts of "cardiometabolic risk," "metabolic syndrome," and "risk stratification" overlap and relate to the atherogenic process and development of type 2 diabetes. There is confusion about what these terms mean and how they can best be used to improve our understanding of cardiovascular disease treatment and prevention. With the objectives of clarifying these concepts and presenting practical strategies to identify and reduce cardiovascular risk in multiethnic patient populations, the Cardiometabolic Working Group reviewed the evidence related to emerging cardiovascular risk factors and Canadian guideline recommendations in order to present a detailed analysis and consolidated approach to the identification and management of cardiometabolic risk.

Patient age, ethnicity, medical history, and risk factor profile, but not drug insurance coverage, predict successful attainment of glycemic targets: Time 2 Do More Quality Enhancement Research Initiative (T2DM QUERI).

Objective: To identify factors in patients with type 2 diabetes and A1C >7.0% associated with attainment of A1C ≤ 7.0%.

Treatment gaps in the management of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes in Canada.

Objectives: To evaluate vascular protection treatment patterns and attainment of the 2003 Canadian Diabetes Association's recommended targets in ambulatory patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: Between 2005 and 2006, 3002 outpatients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled by 229 primary health care settings across Canada. Baseline characteristics, therapeutic regimens and treatment success - defined as the achievement of a blood pressure (BP) of 13080 mmHg or lower, glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) of 7% or lower, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lower than 2.

Impact of admission serum glucose level on in-hospital outcomes following coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.

Objective: The impact of admission serum glucose (SG) level on outcomes in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery is unknown. The present study sought to determine whether elevated admission SG level is associated with adverse outcomes following CABG surgery.

Methods: Patients undergoing CABG surgery between January 2000 and December 2005 at a single centre were identified (n=2856).

Frontal assessment battery in patients with Parkinson disease in a Turkish population.

Objective: The aims of this study were to assess frontal dysfunction in Turkish patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) by using frontal assessment battery (FAB), and to determine the relationship among FAB scores and education, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and severity of the disease.

Background: Cognitive impairment in patients with PD mainly involves executive dysfunction. Executive dysfunction is mainly related to the frontal lobes and their connections with the thalamus and basal ganglia.

Achieving cholesterol targets by individualizing starting doses of statin according to baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary artery disease risk category: the CANadians Achieve Cholesterol Targets Fast with Atorvastatin Stratified Titration (CanACTFAST) study.

Background: Despite an increasing body of evidence on the benefit of lowering elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), there is still considerable concern that patients are not achieving target LDL-C levels.

Objective: The CANadians Achieve Cholesterol Targets Fast with Atorvastatin Stratified Titration (CanACTFAST) trial tested whether an algorithm-based statin dosing approach would enable patients to achieve LDL-C and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-C) ratio targets quickly.

Methods: Subjects requiring statin therapy, but with an LDL-C level of 5.