Five-year cross-sectional study to determine the burden of spp. infections of the urinary tract system among patients attending tertiary hospital in Northwestern Tanzania.

Objective: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) stand as a prominent global health concern. This study entails a 5-year retrospective analysis, using a cross-sectional study design to examine microbiology laboratory data of individuals clinically diagnosed with UTIs at Bugando Medical Centre to gain insights into the prevalence and factors linked to candiduria.

Methodology: Data extracted were meticulously cleaned and coded in an MS Excel sheet, subsequently transferred to STATA V.

Seroprevalence and risk factors of Toxoplasmosis among HIV infected women of child-bearing age attending care and treatment clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Background: Toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected women of child-bearing age (HIV-WCB) increases the risk for congenital toxoplasmosis, leading to many complications. However, its magnitude is unknown in this population. Objectives: The study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with toxoplasmosis among HIV-WCB.

Implementation research for promoting access and rational use of antibiotics for children: lessons learnt from Tanzania.

Implementation research (IR) has proved to be a potential catalyst in facilitating the uptake of evidence-based innovations into routine practices and thereby maximizing public health outcomes. IR not only focuses on the effectiveness of the innovations but also identifies and addresses the barriers and facilitators to maximize their uptake into routine practices. This article describes the processes undertaken to implement a research project aimed at promoting access and rational use of antibiotics for children (PARAC).

Predominance of non- species oral colonisation among patients on anticancer therapy: findings from a cross-sectional study in Tanzania.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the oral carriage prevalence of species and identify factors associated with the carriage of species among patients with cancer on treatment.

Design: A hospital-based cross-sectional study.

Setting: The study was conducted at a tertiary-level cancer hospital Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Aetiology of ear infection and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among patients attending otorhinolaryngology clinic at a tertiary hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a hospital-based cross-sectional study.

Objectives: To determine the aetiological pathogens causing ear infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among patients with ear complaints at a tertiary hospital in Dar es Salaam.

Design: Hospital-based cross-sectional study.

Settings: Otorhinolaryngology clinic at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Fluoroquinolone resistance among fecal extended spectrum βeta lactamases positive Enterobacterales isolates from children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Background: Fluoroquinolones have been, and continue to be, routinely used for treatment of many bacterial infections. In recent years, most parts of the world have reported an increasing trend of fluoroquinolone resistant (FQR) Gram-negative bacteria.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2017 and July 2018 among children admitted due to fever to referral hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Profiling of antimicrobial dispensing practices in accredited drug dispensing outlets in Tanzania: a mixed-method cross-sectional study focusing on pediatric patients.

Background: The emergency of antimicrobial resistance due to irrational antimicrobial use has put public health under threat. Accredited Drug Dispensing Outlets (ADDOs) play an important role in enhancing availability and accessibility of antimicrobials, however, there is a scarcity of studies assessing antimicrobial dispensing practices in these outlets, focusing on children in Tanzania.

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the antimicrobial dispensing practices among ADDO dispensers and explore the factors influencing the use of antimicrobials for children in Tanzania.

Implementation of antibiotic stewardship programmes in paediatric patients in regional referral hospitals in Tanzania: experience from prescribers and dispensers.

Background: In 2017, Tanzania launched the National Action Plan for Antimicrobial Resistance (NAPAR), 2017-2022 and implementation of antibiotic stewardship programmes (ASPs) was one of the agendas. Since the launch of the National Action Plan, no study has been done to assess its implementation.

Objectives: To explore the experiences of prescribers and dispensers on implementing ASPs among paediatric patients attending Regional Referral Hospitals (RRHs) in Tanzania.

Predictors of Surgical Site Infections among Patients Undergoing Open Urological Surgery at a Tertiary Hospital, Tanzania: A Cross Sectional Study.

Background: Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is one of the major hospital acquired infections, highly associated with prolonged hospitalisation, morbidity and mortality. In open urological surgeries, little is known on magnitude and factors associated with development of SSI.

Methods And Materials: The intervention was a cross-sectional prospective observational study performed between August 2015 and March 2016 at Muhimbili National hospital (MNH), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Drivers of irrational use of antibiotics among children: a mixed-method study among prescribers and dispensers in Tanzania.

Background: Misuse of antibiotics has been associated with poor knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP). Therefore, this study aimed to assess if KAP of prescribers and dispensers could drive irrational use of antibiotics among children in Tanzania.

Methods: A convergent parallel mixed-methods study design that employed quantitative and qualitative approaches was conducted in 14 regional referral hospitals (RRHs).

Gastrointestinal colonization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria among children below five years of age hospitalized with fever in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Objectives: Gastrointestinal colonization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) is of concern because prior colonization increases risk for subsequent infections. To date, the link between ESBL-PE faecal carriage and the risk of subsequent ESBL-PE infection has not been well established, and information on carriage of such pathogens among children with invasive infections such as bloodstream infections (BSI) remains to be explored worldwide.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among children under the age of 5 years admitted for febrile illness in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, between March 2017 and July 2018.

Colonization of Extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacterales and meticillin-resistant in the intensive care unit at a tertiary hospital in Tanzania: Implications for Infection control and prevention.

Background: Multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria pose a major global threat to public-health and are of particular concern to hospitalized intensive care unit (ICU) patients. This study aimed at addressing the burden of MDR and the associated factors at admission to ICU.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the ICU of a tertiary hospital in Tanzania.

Determinants of misuse of antibiotics among parents of children attending clinics in regional referral hospitals in Tanzania.

Parents are the important implementers on appropriate/inappropriate use of antibiotics, especially in the pediatric population. Limited studies have associated poor knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) among parents with antibiotics misuse. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the parents' KAP and factors associated with inappropriate use of antibiotics among Tanzanian children.

First identification of producing from neonates and a HIV infected adult in Tanzania.

Carbapenem-resistant members of the family Enterobacteriaceae are emerging as a global public-health threat and cause substantial challenges in clinical practice. There is a need for increased and continued genomic surveillance of antimicrobial resistance genes globally in order to detect outbreaks and dissemination of clinically important resistance genes and their associated mobile genetic elements in human pathogens. To describe the resistance mechanisms of carbapenem-resistant .

Effect of 3 Days of Oral Azithromycin on Young Children With Acute Diarrhea in Low-Resource Settings: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines do not recommend routine antibiotic use for children with acute watery diarrhea. However, recent studies suggest that a significant proportion of such episodes have a bacterial cause and are associated with mortality and growth impairment, especially among children at high risk of diarrhea-associated mortality. Expanding antibiotic use among dehydrated or undernourished children may reduce diarrhea-associated mortality and improve growth.

Seroprevalence of Human Herpesvirus Infections in Newly Diagnosed HIV-Infected Key Populations in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Background: Human herpesvirus (HHV) infections can significantly increase the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and accelerate disease progression. In the population at high risk of HIV infection, also termed as key populations (female sex workers (FSW), men who have sex with men (MSM), and people who inject drugs (PWID)), and their sexual partners, HHV infections can potentially compromise the efforts to prevent and control HIV infection. Here, we investigated the seroprevalence of HHV infections among HIV-infected key populations in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Fecal carriage and factors associated with extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among pregnant women at the tertiary referral hospital, Tanzania.

Background: Infections due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) are increasing worldwide. Evidence indicates that fecal carriage of ESBL-E in pregnancy predisposes women to potential life-threatening urinary tract infections and subsequently increasing the risk of neonatal infections. There is limited data regarding fecal carriage of ESBL-E and associated factors among pregnant women in Tanzania.

High fecal carriage of extended Beta Lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae among adult patients admitted in referral hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Background: Multi-drug resistance pathogens such as Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) are of great global health concern, since they are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Even in the absence of infections caused by these pathogens, colonization is a great threat and can lead to cross transfer among hospitalized patients. To date data on carriage of these pathogens is still limited in Tanzania.

Multi-drug resistant bacteria predict mortality in bloodstream infection in a tertiary setting in Tanzania.

Background: Bloodstream infections (BSI) are serious and life-threatening, associated with high mortality and morbidity. In resource-limited settings, there is a paucity of data on predictors of outcome in patients with BSI. This study aimed at examining the predictors of mortality in patients with BSI as well as bacteria causing BSI.

Seroprevalence of Brucella infection and associated factors among pregnant women receiving antenatal care around human, wildlife and livestock interface in Ngorongoro ecosystem, Northern Tanzania. A cross-sectional study.

Background: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals, animal products or consumption of infected dairy products. Brucella infection during pregnancy is of special interest due to association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study determined the seroprevalence and factors associated with Brucella infection among pregnant women around the human-wildlife-livestock interface area in Ngorongoro ecosystem, Northern Tanzania.