Alcohol consumption, life history and extinction risk among Raute hunter-gatherers from Nepal.

Hunter-gatherer populations underwent a mass extinction in the Neolithic, and in present times face challenges such as explicit sedentarisation policies. An exception is in Nepal, where the nomadic Raute people receive monthly governmental individual payments. One consequence of the money transfers has been a significant increase in alcohol consumption, with nearly all individuals drinking industrially produced alcohol.

Pooled effector library screening in protoplasts rapidly identifies novel Avr genes.

Crop breeding for durable disease resistance is challenging due to the rapid evolution of pathogen virulence. While progress in resistance (R) gene cloning and stacking has accelerated in recent years, the identification of corresponding avirulence (Avr) genes in many pathogens is hampered by the lack of high-throughput screening options. To address this technology gap, we developed a platform for pooled library screening in plant protoplasts to allow rapid identification of interacting R-Avr pairs.

Trend of Antimicrobial Use in Food-Producing Animals from 2018 to 2020 in Nepal.

Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health problem and is primarily driven by the widespread overuse of antibiotics. However, antimicrobial use data in animals are not readily available due to the absence of a national database in many developing countries, including Nepal. This study was conducted to estimate the quantities of antimicrobials available in Nepal as an indicator of their use in food-producing animals between 2018 and 2020.

Occult Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Tumor Causing Severe Hyperparathyroidism: Diagnostic Challenges and Clinical Outcomes.

Background/objective: Ectopic tumoral production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is rare. The incidence of hyperparathyroidism and osteitis fibrosa cystica (OFC) secondary to ectopic PTH secretion has only been reported in case reports, although infrequent.

Case Report: We report a case of a well-differentiated pulmonary neuroendocrine tumor (NET) producing PTH that presented with severe hypercalcemia and OFC.

Haplotype variants of the stripe rust resistance gene Yr28 in Aegilops tauschii.

Stripe rust resistance gene YrAet672 from Aegilops tauschii accession CPI110672 encodes a nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domain containing protein similar to YrAS2388 and both these members were haplotypes of Yr28. New sources of host resistance are required to counter the continued emergence of new pathotypes of the wheat stripe rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis Westend. f.

Physical separation of haplotypes in dikaryons allows benchmarking of phasing accuracy in Nanopore and HiFi assemblies with Hi-C data.

Background: Most animals and plants have more than one set of chromosomes and package these haplotypes into a single nucleus within each cell. In contrast, many fungal species carry multiple haploid nuclei per cell. Rust fungi are such species with two nuclei (karyons) that contain a full set of haploid chromosomes each.

Arginase 1 Deficiency: using genetic databases as a tool to establish global prevalence.

Background/objective: Arginase 1 Deficiency (ARG1-D) is a rare inherited metabolic disease with progressive, devastating neurological manifestations with early mortality and high unmet need. Information on prevalence is scarce and highly variable due to limited newborn screening (NBS) availability, variability of arginine levels in the first days of life, and high rates of misdiagnosis. US birth prevalence was recently estimated via indirect methods at 1.

The stem rust effector protein AvrSr50 escapes Sr50 recognition by a substitution in a single surface-exposed residue.

Pathogen effectors are crucial players during plant colonisation and infection. Plant resistance mostly relies on effector recognition to activate defence responses. Understanding how effector proteins escape from plant surveillance is important for plant breeding and resistance deployment.

Assessment of different genotypes of wheat under late sowing condition.

The research was conducted by sowing seven genotypes of wheat which were allotted in the Farmers Field Trial kit of National Wheat Research Program, Bhairahawa, Rupandehi. This study responds to the urgency to assess wheat ( L.) performance in late sowing conditions.

The stem rust fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici induces centromeric small RNAs during late infection that are associated with genome-wide DNA methylation.

Background: Silencing of transposable elements (TEs) is essential for maintaining genome stability. Plants use small RNAs (sRNAs) to direct DNA methylation to TEs (RNA-directed DNA methylation; RdDM). Similar mechanisms of epigenetic silencing in the fungal kingdom have remained elusive.

Genomics accelerated isolation of a new stem rust avirulence gene-wheat resistance gene pair.

Stem rust caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt) is a devastating disease of the global staple crop wheat.

A recombined Sr26 and Sr61 disease resistance gene stack in wheat encodes unrelated NLR genes.

The re-emergence of stem rust on wheat in Europe and Africa is reinforcing the ongoing need for durable resistance gene deployment. Here, we isolate from wheat, Sr26 and Sr61, with both genes independently introduced as alien chromosome introgressions from tall wheat grass (Thinopyrum ponticum). Mutational genomics and targeted exome capture identify Sr26 and Sr61 as separate single genes that encode unrelated (34.

A five-transgene cassette confers broad-spectrum resistance to a fungal rust pathogen in wheat.

Breeding wheat with durable resistance to the fungal pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), a major threat to cereal production, is challenging due to the rapid evolution of pathogen virulence.

Livestock and Poultry Production in Nepal and Current Status of Vaccine Development.

The livestock and poultry sectors are an integral part of Nepalese economy and lifestyle. Livestock and poultry populations have continuously been increasing in the last decade in Nepal and are likely to follow that trend as the interests in this field is growing. Infectious diseases such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), hemorrhagic septicemia (HS), black quarter (BQ), swine fever, avian influenza, and Newcastle disease (ND) constitute one of the major health challenges to the Nepalese livestock and poultry industry.

Stem rust resistance in wheat is suppressed by a subunit of the mediator complex.

Stem rust is an important disease of wheat that can be controlled using resistance genes. The gene SuSr-D1 identified in cultivar 'Canthatch' suppresses stem rust resistance. SuSr-D1 mutants are resistant to several races of stem rust that are virulent on wild-type plants.

Emergence of the Ug99 lineage of the wheat stem rust pathogen through somatic hybridisation.

Parasexuality contributes to diversity and adaptive evolution of haploid (monokaryotic) fungi. However, non-sexual genetic exchange mechanisms are not defined in dikaryotic fungi (containing two distinct haploid nuclei). Newly emerged strains of the wheat stem rust pathogen, Puccinia graminis f.

Genome Assembly and Comparative Genomics of the Barley Leaf Rust Pathogen Identifies Candidates for Three Avirulence Genes.

() is a damaging pathogen of barley throughout the world. Despite its importance, almost nothing is known about the genomics of this pathogen, and a reference genome is lacking. In this study, the first reference genome was assembled for an Australian isolate of ("560") using long-read SMRT sequencing.

Components of Brachypodium distachyon resistance to nonadapted wheat stripe rust pathogens are simply inherited.

Phytopathogens have a limited range of host plant species that they can successfully parasitise ie. that they are adapted for. Infection of plants by nonadapted pathogens often results in an active resistance response that is relatively poorly characterised because phenotypic variation in this response often does not exist within a plant species, or is too subtle for genetic dissection.

Assembly and Phasing of Dikaryotic Genomes from Two Isolates of f. sp. , the Causal Agent of Oat Crown Rust.

Oat crown rust, caused by the fungus f. sp. , is a devastating disease that impacts worldwide oat production.

Loss of by somatic exchange in stem rust leads to virulence for resistance in wheat.

Race-specific resistance genes protect the global wheat crop from stem rust disease caused by f. sp. () but are often overcome owing to evolution of new virulent races of the pathogen.

Familial Guillain-Barré syndrome: A case report with literature review.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is the most common acute immune-mediated polyneuropathy characterized by symmetrical weakness of limbs and hyporeflexia or areflexia. Familial occurrence of GBS is rare, and only 42 patients from 20 families have been reported so far. Majority of them are from European countries.

Service user and care giver involvement in mental health system strengthening in Nepal: a qualitative study on barriers and facilitating factors.

Background: Service user and caregiver involvement has become an increasingly common strategy to enhance mental health outcomes, and has been incorporated in the mental healthpolicies of many developed nations. However, this practice is non-existent or fragmented in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Instances of service user and caregiver involvement have been rising slowly in a few LMICs, but are rarely described in the literature.