Spoligotype-based population structure and isoniazid-resistance gene mutation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Thailand.

Objectives: The present study aims to investigate the population structure of Thai Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates and anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance and to determine the most frequent genetic mutations conferring isoniazid (INH) resistance.

Methods: Genomic DNA from 287 MTB clinical isolates were extracted and used for spoligotyping, amplification and sequencing analysis of the region of different (RD) 105, and of the INH resistance (IR) associated genes, inhA, katG and oxyR-ahpC genes.

Results: Eighty-one clinical isolates were resistant to at least one first-line drug; 53 of these were resistant to INH.

Nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load Response among COVID-19 Patients Receiving Favipiravir.

We retrospectively studied nasopharyngeal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral load in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients who were hospitalized between January 13 and April 1, 2020. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was conducted using primers and probes targeting the ORF1ab and N genes. All patients were classified in the following groups: Group 1: received favipiravir + chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine + lopinavir/ritonavir or darunavir/ritonavir for 5-10 days, Group 2: received chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine + lopinavir/ritonavir or darunavir/ritonavir for 5-10 days, and Group 3: no antiviral medication.

Mutations in Streptomycin Resistance Genes and Their Relationship to Streptomycin Resistance and Lineage of Thai Isolates.

Background: Streptomycin (SM) is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a part of standard regimens for retreating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) cases. The incidence of MDR-TB in retreatment cases was 19% in Thailand. To date, information on SM resistance (SMR) gene mutations correlated to the SMR of Thai isolates is limited.

Time to initiate antiretroviral therapy between 4 weeks and 12 weeks of tuberculosis treatment in HIV-infected patients: results from the TIME study.

Background: Optimal timing for initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis (TB) is not well established.

Methods: HIV/TB-coinfected patients were randomized to initiate tenofovir/lamivudine/efavirenz at 4 weeks (4-week group) or 12 weeks (12-week group) of TB treatment. The primary outcome was 1-year all-cause mortality.

Clinical case definition and manifestations of paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.

Background: The International Network for the Study of HIV-associated IRIS (INSHI) recently published criteria for tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) diagnosis. The performance of this definition and clinical manifestations of TB-IRIS were studied.

Methods: Antiretroviral therapy-naive HIV/TB Thai patients receiving antituberculous therapy were enrolled during 2006-2007 and prospectively followed through 24 weeks of antiretroviral therapy.

Characteristics of HIV-infected tuberculosis patients in Thailand.

To improve understanding about the epidemiology and clinical features of HIV-associated tuberculosis (TB) infection we conducted a prospective, multi-center observational study of HIV-infected TB patients in Thailand. We enrolled HIV-infected patients diagnosed with TB at public health facilities from three provinces and the national infectious diseases referral hospital in Thailand. Patients underwent standardized interviews, evaluations, and laboratory testing at the beginning of TB treatment.

Antifungal susceptibilities of Cryptococcus neoformans cerebrospinal fluid isolates and clinical outcomes of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected patients with/without fluconazole prophylaxis.

Objectives: To compare the MICs of FLUconazole (FLU) and amphotericin B against isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) obtained from the CerebroSpinal Fluid (CSF); and clinical outcomes of HIV-infected patients diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis.

Material And Method: There were two groups including those who did not receive FLU (group A) and those who did receive either FLU 400 mg/week for primary prophylaxis cryptococosis or 200 mg/day for secondary prophylaxis cryptococosis (group B).