Evaluating the efficacy of treatment options for anal intraepithelial neoplasia: a systematic review.

Purpose: Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) is the accepted precursor of anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC). There has long been a hypothesis that treating AIN may prevent ASCC. Many different treatment modalities have been suggested and studied.

The importance of discussing mortality risk prior to emergency laparotomy.

Emergency laparotomies are often required for life-threatening conditions and consequently are associated with high mortality. This risk should be discussed with patients and ideally their next of kin (NOK). Failure to do so denies patients and their relatives the opportunity to prepare, breaches consent guidance, and may result in complaints and negligent claims.

Outcome of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) for fecal incontinence: a prospective cohort study.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the long-term efficacy of percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) in fecal incontinence (FI).

Background: There is extensive evidence regarding the efficacy of PTNS in urinary incontinence. Data on the efficacy of PTNS for FI are limited to a few small case series with relatively short-follow up.