Hormone replacement therapy and cancer mortality in women with 17 site-specific cancers: a cohort study using linked medical records.

Background: There is limited evidence on the safety of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) in women with cancer. Therefore, we systematically examined HRT use and cancer-specific mortality in women with 17 site-specific cancers.

Methods: Women newly diagnosed with 17 site-specific cancers from 1998 to 2019, were identified from general practitioner (GP) records, hospital diagnoses or cancer registries in Scotland, Wales and England.

Factors associated with interobserver variation amongst pathologists in the diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia: A systematic review.

Objective: Reproducible diagnoses of endometrial hyperplasia (EH) remains challenging and has potential implications for patient management. This systematic review aimed to identify pathologist-specific factors associated with interobserver variation in the diagnosis and reporting of EH.

Methods: Three electronic databases, namely MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science, were searched from 1st January 2000 to 25th March 2023, using relevant key words and subject headings.

Vaginal Estrogen Therapy Use and Survival in Females With Breast Cancer.

Importance: Genitourinary syndrome of menopause can be treated with vaginal estrogen therapy. However, there are concerns about the safety of vaginal estrogen therapy in patients with breast cancer.

Objective: To determine whether the risk of breast cancer-specific mortality was higher in females with breast cancer who used vaginal estrogen therapy vs females with breast cancer who did not use hormone replacement therapy (HRT).

Exposure to weak opioids and risk of gastrointestinal tract cancers: A series of nested case-control studies.

Aims: There is evidence gastrointestinal (GI) motility may play a role in the development of GI cancers. Weak opioids (codeine and dihydrocodeine) decrease GI motility, but their effect on GI cancer risk has not been assessed. We aim to assess the association between weak opioids and cancers of the GI tract.

Testosterone therapy and cancer risks among men in the SEER-Medicare linked database.

Background: We examined associations between two forms of testosterone therapy (TT) and risks of seven cancers among men.

Methods: SEER-Medicare combines cancer registry data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results programme with Medicare claims. Our population-based case-control study included incident cancer cases diagnosed between 1992-2015: prostate (n = 130,713), lung (n = 105,466), colorectal (n = 56,433), bladder (n = 38,873), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 17,854), melanoma (n = 14,241), and oesophageal (n = 9116).

Cancer-specific mortality in breast cancer patients with hypothyroidism: a UK population-based study.

Purpose: Epidemiological studies have indicated a higher prevalence of hypothyroidism in breast cancer patients, possibly related to shared risk factors and breast cancer treatments. However, few studies have evaluated how hypothyroidism impacts survival outcomes in breast cancer patients. We aimed to determine the association between hypothyroidism and breast cancer-specific and all-cause mortality.

Survival outcomes in endometrial cancer patients according to diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Diabetes is an established risk factor for endometrial cancer development but its impact on prognosis is unclear and epidemiological studies to date have produced inconsistent results. We aimed to conduct the first systematic review and meta-analysis to compare survival outcomes in endometrial cancer patients with and without pre-existing diabetes.

Methods: We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science databases up to February 2022 for observational studies that investigated the association between pre-existing diabetes and cancer-specific survival in endometrial cancer patients.

Hormone therapy use and the risk of acute kidney injury in patients with prostate cancer: a population-based cohort study.

Background: Hormone therapy is widely used in prostate cancer. However, studies have raised concerns that hormone therapy, particularly the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, could increase the risk of acute kidney injury.

Methods: Men newly diagnosed with non-metastatic prostate cancer, from 2012 to 2017, were identified from the Scottish Cancer Registry.

Hormone replacement therapy in women with cancer and risk of cancer-specific mortality and cardiovascular disease: a protocol for a cohort study from Scotland and Wales.

Background: Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is widely used and has proven benefits for women with menopausal symptoms. An increasing number of women with cancer experience menopausal symptoms but the safety of HRT use in women with cancer is unclear. There are particular concerns that HRT could accelerate cancer progression in women with cancer, and also that HRT could increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in such women.

Circulating Sex Hormones Are Associated With Gastric and Colorectal Cancers but Not Esophageal Adenocarcinoma in the UK Biobank.

Introduction: Gastrointestinal cancers show an unexplained male predominance, but few prospective studies have investigated sex hormones and gastrointestinal cancer risk. This study aimed to determine the impact of circulating sex hormones on risk of esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancers in men and women.

Methods: We included 219,425 men and 147,180 women from the UK Biobank.

Exogenous hormone use, reproductive factors and risk of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma among women: results from cohort studies in the Liver Cancer Pooling Project and the UK Biobank.

Background: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) arises from cholangiocytes in the intrahepatic bile duct and is the second most common type of liver cancer. Cholangiocytes express both oestrogen receptor-α and -β, and oestrogens positively modulate cholangiocyte proliferation. Studies in women and men have reported higher circulating oestradiol is associated with increased ICC risk, further supporting a hormonal aetiology.

Use of proton pump inhibitors and histamine-2 receptor antagonists and risk of gastric cancer in two population-based studies.

Background: Studies have shown increased gastric cancer risk in users of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and histamine-2 receptor antagonists, questioning the safety of gastric acid suppression. Therefore, we conducted a case-control study within the Scottish Primary Care Clinical Informatics Unit (PCCIU) database and a cohort study in the UK Biobank.

Methods: In PCCIU, five controls were matched to cases diagnosed in 1999-2011, and medications were determined from GP records.

Concurrent and future risk of endometrial cancer in women with endometrial hyperplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: To inform treatment decisions in women diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia, quantification of the potential for concurrent endometrial cancer and the future risk of progression to cancer is required.

Methods: We identified studies up to September 2018 that reported on the prevalence of concurrent cancer (within three months of endometrial hyperplasia diagnosis), or the incidence of cancer, identified at least three months after hyperplasia diagnosis. Random-effects meta-analyses produced pooled estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

The role of 5α-reductase inhibitors in gastro-oesophageal cancer risk: A nested case-control study.

Purpose: The strong male predominance of gastro-oesophageal cancer suggests that sex hormones play an important role. 5α-Reductase (5AR) inhibitors have antiandrogen effects and have been shown to decrease cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. We conducted the first epidemiologic investigation into the association between 5AR inhibitor use and gastro-oesophageal cancer risk.

The association between self-reported poor oral health and gastrointestinal cancer risk in the UK Biobank: A large prospective cohort study.

Background: Controversy remains as to whether poor oral health is independently associated with gastrointestinal cancers, due to potential confounding by smoking, alcohol and poor nutrition. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between oral health conditions and gastrointestinal cancer risk.

Methods: Data from the large, prospective UK Biobank cohort, which includes  = 475,766 participants, were analysed.

Furosemide use and survival in patients with esophageal or gastric cancer: a population-based cohort study.

Background: Pre-clinical studies have shown that furosemide slows cancer cell growth by acting on the Na-K-2Cl transporter, particularly for gastric cancer cells. However, epidemiological studies have not investigated furosemide use and mortality in gastroesophageal cancer patients. Consequently, we conducted a population-based study to investigate whether furosemide use is associated with reduced cancer-specific mortality in esophageal/gastric cancer patients.

The Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapies.

Background: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), with a proven role in prostate cancer management, has been associated with various cardiovascular diseases. However, few studies have investigated these associations by type of ADT, particularly for newer ADTs such as the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist degarelix. We investigated the risk of cardiovascular disease by type of ADT in a real-world setting.

Statin use and risk of liver cancer: Evidence from two population-based studies.

Epidemiological studies of statin use and liver cancer risk have produced conflicting results. We examined the association between statin use and risk of primary liver cancer in two large independent study populations taking account of important covariates and main indications of statins such as high cholesterol and chronic liver disease. We performed a nested case-control study within the Scottish Primary Care Clinical Informatics Unit (PCCIU) database.

Coffee consumption by type and risk of digestive cancer: a large prospective cohort study.

Background: Inverse associations have been observed between coffee consumption and liver cancer, but associations for other digestive cancers are unclear. Few previous studies have investigated coffee type (specifically instant or ground coffee) or a range of digestive cancer types within one cohort. We therefore investigated coffee consumption by type and digestive cancer risks in a population-based cohort.

Real-world insights into risk of developing cardiovascular disease following GnRH agonists versus antagonists for prostate cancer: a methodological protocol to a study using five European databases.

One of the more recently investigated adverse long-term side effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists for prostate cancer (PCa) is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Studies suggest lower risk of CVD following GnRH antagonists (degarelix) than GnRH agonists. This protocol describes precise codes used to extract variables from five European databases for a study that compares risk of CVD following GnRH agonists and antagonists for PCa.

Sex hormone receptor expression and survival in esophageal adenocarcinoma: a prospective cohort study.

Introduction: A striking epidemiological feature of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is its strong, unexplained male predominance but few studies have evaluated the prevalence of sex hormone receptor expression in EAC.

Results: A low proportion of EAC tumors stained positive for ERα (4%) and AR (3%) while approximately one third stained positive for ERβ (31%). After a mean follow-up of 3 years (max 9 years), no significant associations were seen for ERα, ERβ or AR expression and EAC recurrence or survival.

High PTGS2 expression in post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy-treated oesophageal adenocarcinoma is associated with improved survival: a population-based cohort study.

Aims: High prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 (PTGS2) enzyme expression in oesophageal adenocarcinoma has been shown to independently predict poor prognosis; however, the evidence is inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigated the association between PTGS2 expression and prognosis in patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma.

Methods And Results: A cohort of 135 patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery from 2004 to 2012 was identified in the Northern Ireland Cancer Centre.

Vitamin D receptor as a marker of prognosis in oesophageal adenocarcinoma: a prospective cohort study.

Aims: Vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression has been associated with survival in several cancer sites. This study aims to evaluate the association between VDR expression and prognosis in oesophageal adenocarcinoma patients.

Results: During a median of 2.

Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and risk of oesophago-gastric cancer: A prospective cohort study within UK Biobank.

Background: Few observational studies have assessed the role of physical activity in oesophago-gastric cancer risk.

Objective: This prospective cohort study aimed to assess the association between physical activity and risk of oesophageal or gastric cancer.

Methods: A cohort of 359,033 adults aged 40-69 years were identified from the UK Biobank, which recruited participants between 2006 and 2010.