Detecting Age Prone to Growth Retardation in Children Through a Bi-Response Nonparametric Regression Model with a Penalized Spline Estimator.

Background: The growth of children aged 0-60 months can impact their subsequent growth and development. This study aims to identify the vulnerable age for boys and girls, who experience growth retardation within this age range.

Methods: The study design used was a cross-sectional approach in which each child's measurement data was only taken once.