Progression of Low-Grade Neuroendocrine Tumors (NET) to High-Grade Neoplasms Harboring the NEC-Like Co-alteration of RB1 and TP53.

High-grade or grade 3 epithelial neuroendocrine neoplasms (G3 NEN) are now divided into grade 3 well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (G3 NET) and neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), both defined by Ki-67 > 20% and/or > 20 mitoses per 2 mm. NET and NEC are thought to be distinct tumors with different genetic profiles: NEC classically harbors co-alteration of TP53 and RB1, whereas NET genetics are site-dependent with frequent alterations in MEN1, ATRX, DAXX, and TSC1/2 in pancreatic NETs. Progression from NET to NEC is considered rare and is not well described.

A dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Vibrio cholerae can demetallate heme.

Iron is an essential element for bacterial survival. Bacterial pathogens have therefore developed methods to obtain iron. Vibrio cholerae, the intestinal pathogen that causes cholera, utilizes heme as an iron source.

Expanding the Spectrum of GLI1-rearranged Neoplasms of the Gastrointestinal Tract to Include Monophasic Keratin-positive Epithelial Neoplasms.

GLI1-altered tumors form a diverse group occurring in various anatomic locations. In the alimentary tract, the most established are gastroblastoma, a biphasic epithelial-mesenchymal neoplasm of the stomach, and plexiform fibromyxoma, a pure spindle cell neoplasm. The spectrum of GLI1-rearranged gastrointestinal tumors has recently expanded with reports of cases in other parts of the GI tract, some exhibiting gastroblastoma-like features and others being pure mesenchymal neoplasms.

Glutamine synthetase staining patterns in cirrhosis.

Advanced liver fibrosis can regress following the elimination of causative injuries. Glutamine synthetase (GS) immunohistochemical expression is normally in centrizonal perivenular hepatocytes but can be present in periportal hepatocytes in cases of regressed cirrhosis. This study identified periportal staining and investigated the spectrum of GS staining patterns seen in a range of cirrhotic livers with varying disease processes.

Current Pediatric Endoscopy Training Situation in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Collaborative Survey by the Asian Pan-Pacific Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Endoscopy Scientific Subcommittee.

Purpose: To date, there is no region-specific guideline for pediatric endoscopy training. This study aimed to illustrate the current status of pediatric endoscopy training in Asia-Pacific region and identify opportunities for improvement.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey, using a standardized electronic questionnaire, was conducted among medical schools in the Asia-Pacific region in January 2024.

[A Case of Double Cancer of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Rectum and Adenocarcinoma of the Sigmoid Colon].

A 72-year-old male was transported to our hospital with complaints of heart palpitations and dyspnea since a month earlier and was immobile. Blood examination showed severe anemia, and colonoscopy revealed circumferential tumors in the rectum and the sigmoid colon. Histopathologic examination revealed the tumors as squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum and adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon.

Relationship between food group-specific intake and depression among local government employees in Japan.

Background: We aimed to examine the relationship between food group-specific intake and depression among workers in Japan.

Methods: A questionnaire survey was administered to 568 workers in 2020; 503 workers responded and 423 were included in the study. Information on sex, age, body mass index, overtime hours, sleep duration, marital status, employment position, exercise habits, smoking status, incidence of depression, and intake of energy, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, alcohol, and specific food groups were collected.

Integration of Viral Genome to Human Genomic DNA in Nails of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection.

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA and cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA can be detected in patient genomes. However, it remains unknown whether viral DNA can be integrated into host genomic DNA and detected in fingernails.

Methods: Nails from patients with chronic HBV infection were investigated.

Genomic Analysis in the Categorization of Poorly Differentiated Primary Liver Carcinomas.

A subset of primary liver carcinomas (PLCs) cannot be classified as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) based on morphology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). This includes tumors with morphology suggestive of HCC but lacking hepatocellular marker expression, tumors with ambiguous morphology characterized by co-expression of hepatocellular and cholangiocytic markers, and undifferentiated pleomorphic carcinomas with no discernible line of differentiation on morphology or IHC. This study examines the role of genomic analysis in the categorization of these tumors.

Strangulated bowel obstruction caused by an ileo-ileal knot: a rare case report.

Background: Intestinal knot formation is a condition wherein two segments of the intestine are knotted together; however, reports of small-intestinal ileo-ileal knot formation are rare.

Case Presentation: The patient was a 62-year-old Asian male with a history of endoscopic colorectal adenoma resection and a spontaneous pneumothorax. The patient had no history of a laparotomy.

Evaluating Liver Biopsies with Well-Differentiated Hepatocellular Lesions.

Needle core biopsies of liver lesions can be challenging, particularly in cases with limited material. The differential diagnosis for well-differentiated hepatocellular lesions includes focal nodular hyperplasia, hepatocellular adenoma, and well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in noncirrhotic liver, while dysplastic nodules and well-differentiated HCC are the primary considerations in cirrhotic liver. The first part of this review focuses on histochemical and immunohistochemical stains as well as molecular assays that are useful in the differential diagnosis.

Use of orcein as an adjunct stain in the evaluation of advanced liver fibrosis.

Aims: Advanced liver fibrosis can regress following the elimination of causative injuries. Trichrome (TC) stain has traditionally been used to evaluate the degree of fibrosis in liver, although it is rarely helpful in assessing quality of fibrosis (i.e.

Integrated Genomic and Clinicopathologic Approach Distinguishes Pancreatic Grade 3 Neuroendocrine Tumor From Neuroendocrine Carcinoma and Identifies a Subset With Molecular Overlap.

Distinguishing grade 3 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (G3 PanNET) from neuroendocrine carcinoma (PanNEC) is a known diagnostic challenge, and accurate classification is critical because clinical behavior and therapies differ. Although current recommendations suggest that immunohistochemistry for p53, Rb, ATRX, and DAXX can distinguish most cases, some cases remain difficult to classify using this approach. In this study, we reviewed 47 high-grade neoplasms originally diagnosed as pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms.

Cystic fibrosis with multiple pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: A case report.

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that damages the exocrine function of the body, resulting in alterations of multiple organs. In the respiratory system, it is known to cause bronchiectasis, recurrent bronchitis, and pneumonia; however, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reported cases of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations associated with this disease. Herein, we report a case of cystic fibrosis with multiple pulmonary arteriovenous malformations.

Uterine Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumors: Proposed Risk Stratification Model Using Integrated Clinicopathologic and Molecular Analysis.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) of the uterus is a rare mesenchymal tumor with largely benign behavior; however, a small subset demonstrate aggressive behavior. While clinicopathologic features have been previously associated with aggressive behavior, these reports are based on small series, and these features are imperfect predictors of clinical behavior. IMTs are most commonly driven by ALK fusions, with additional pathogenic molecular alterations being reported only in rare examples of extrauterine IMTs.

Clinical features of pediatric eosinophilic gastroenteritis.

Background: No study has analyzed more than100 cases of eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) in children in a single center. We aimed to describe the clinical features of pediatric EGE.

Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at a single center.

Staging of appendiceal mucinous neoplasms: challenges and recent updates.

Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms are unique tumors of the appendix, characterized by low-grade mucinous epithelium with villiform, undulating, or flat architecture. These tumors lack infiltrative growth or destructive invasion, but can extend into the appendiceal wall by a "pushing" pattern of invasion, with a broad front that can mimic a diverticulum. These neoplasms have a propensity for peritoneal dissemination, resulting in the clinical presentation of pseudomyxoma peritonei.

An exploration in pitfalls in interpreting SDHB immunohistochemistry.

Aims: Mutations and epimutations in genes encoding the succinate dehydrogenase complex (SDHx) are associated with multiple tumour types in which identification of SDH-deficiency has significant management implications. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) subunit can help to detect SDH-deficiency, which manifests as complete loss of staining in tumour cells. However, a subset of SDH-deficient tumours can show aberrant cytoplasmic SDHB-IHC staining patterns and be misinterpreted as 'retained', a diagnostic pitfall complicating interpretation.