Investigation of the Possible Protective Effects of Ketamine and Dantrolene on the Hippocampal Apoptosis and Spatial Learning in Rats Exposed to Repeated Electroconvulsive Seizures as a Model of Status Epilepticus.

Aim: To evaluate the possible neuroprotective effects of ketamine and dantrolene on the hippocampal apoptosis and spatial learning in rats exposed to repeated electroconvulsive seizures (ECS) as a model of status epilepticus (SE).

Material And Methods: Twenty-four rats were assigned to 4 groups. 1st Group was Sham.

Effects of sacral neuromodulation on isolated urinary bladder function in a rat model of spinal cord injury.

Introduction: Sacral neuromodulation has been considered as an effective treatment option for various types of chronic voiding dysfunction, but the mechanism of action has not been well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic sacral neuromodulation on isolated bladder functions in a rat model of spinal cord injury.

Materials And Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g; N = 20) were assigned to four groups as follows: 1) control group (N = 6); 2) spinal cord transection group (SCT; N = 5); 3) spinal cord transection + sacral neuromodulation group (SCT + SNM; N = 5); 4) sham (spinal cord transection + electrode wire implantation without sacral neuromodulation; N = 4).