Toothbrushing behavior over time: A correlational analysis of repeatedly assessed brushing performance.

Effective toothbrushing is important for maintaining good oral health. Nonetheless, epidemiological data suggest that individuals often encounter challenges in achieving oral cleanliness when brushing their teeth. Various cross-sectional studies have observed brushing behavior of individuals and found some widespread behavioral deficits including neglect of inner surfaces and inconsistent brushing movements.

Making plaque assessment easier - a validation study of simplified versions of the Marginal Plaque Index.

Background: The assessment of plaque indices may be time-consuming and error-prone. Simplification of these indices may increase their utility without compromising their validity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity of two simplified versions of the Marginal Plaque Index (MPI).

Manual toothbrushing techniques for plaque removal and the prevention of gingivitis-A systematic review with network meta-analysis.

Background: The meaning of the toothbrushing technique for the effectivity of toothbrushing in terms of plaque removal and parameters of gingivitis is unknown. This systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) aimed to synthesize evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods: We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Web of Science for RCTs that compared any self-applied manual toothbrushing technique to any other technique or control and assessed plaque after toothbrushing and gingivitis.

It is the habit not the handle that affects tooth brushing - a randomised counterbalanced cross over study with young and healthy adults.

Objective: To assess the effect of the toothbrush handle on video-observed toothbrushing behaviour and toothbrushing effectiveness.

Methods: This is a randomized counterbalanced cross-over study. N = 50 university students and employees brushed their teeth at two occasions, one week apart, using either a commercial ergonomically designed manual toothbrush (MT) or Brushalyze V1 (BV1), a manual toothbrush with a thick cylindrical handle without any specific ergonomic features.

"You should brush your teeth better": a randomized controlled trial comparing best-possible versus as-usual toothbrushing.

Background: Most people's tooth brushing performance is deficient, even when they are encouraged to brush to the best of their abilities. The aim of the present study was to explore the nature of this deficit by comparing best-possible vs. as-usual brushing.

Third-party toothbrushing is associated with a positive patient experience: randomized, single-blind, patient-centered analysis.

Background: As the need for care increases with higher age, so does the need for assistance with oral hygiene. A recent study analyzed the clinical effectiveness of oral hygiene assistance provided by caregivers. The current secondary analysis of this study aimed to assess pleasant and unpleasant perceptions of patients while being brushed and to investigate whether these perceptions depend on the qualification of the person brushing and the type of toothbrush used (manual vs.

What characterizes effective tooth brushing of daily users of powered versus manual toothbrushes?

Background: Recent data show comparable deficits in oral cleanliness after tooth brushing in habitual users of powered toothbrushes (PT) and manual toothbrushes (MT). The present analysis explores the origin of these deficits by relating aspects of the observed tooth brushing behaviour to plaque after tooth brushing.

Methods: Users of rotating-oscillating PT (N = 48) and of MT (N = 52) brushed their teeth the best they could while being filmed.

Effectiveness of brushing teeth in patients with reduced oral hygiene by laypeople: a randomized, controlled study.

Background: To evaluate the success of plaque reduction after external toothbrushing by instructed laypeople versus dental professionals using either a manual or powered toothbrush. Longitudinal, randomized, parallel-group intervention study in periodontitis patients with reduced oral hygiene quality undergoing anti-infective therapy. Patients were randomly and equally assigned to one of four groups: laypeople using a manual or powered toothbrush or dental professionals using a manual or powered toothbrush.

Oral cleanliness in daily users of powered vs. manual toothbrushes - a cross-sectional study.

Background: Toothbrushing is a daily routine. Still, when adults are asked to manually perform oral hygiene to the best of their abilities, a considerable amount of plaque persists. Little is known about the performance of people who use a powered toothbrush.

Toothbrushing behavior in children - an observational study of toothbrushing performance in 12 year olds.

Background: Many countries offer systematic group prevention programs in kindergarten and school in order to promote children's oral health. Little is known, however, about the actual toothbrushing abilities of children when group prevention programs end.

Methods: In Germany, all children take advantage from a nationwide group prevention program (called "Gruppenprophylaxe") lasting from kindergarten up to sixth grade (12 years of age).

Toothbrushing: to the best of one's abilities is possibly not good enough.

Background: Weaknesses in toothbrushing performance can be seen when young adults are instructed to perform habitual toothbrushing. Nothing is known about toothbrushing behavior when instructed to perform to the best abilities. The present study analyzes such behavior and compares it to habitual behavior.

Endocrine and psychological stress response in simulated doctor-patient interactions in medical education.

Background: Training of doctor-patient interactions by means of patient actors is considered a useful didactic tool in medical education. However, though students report it as being highly stressful little systematic research has verified this notion.

Aims: To assess the endocrine and psychological stress responses of students in the doctor vs.

Reduced Cortisol Output during Public Speaking Stress in Ostracized Women.

Ostracism (being excluded or ignored) is experienced as unpleasant and distressing. In previous studies, an immediate pre-stress experience of ostracism induced by Cyberball, a virtual ball-tossing game, was found to inhibit cortisol reactivity to public speaking stress in female students. The present study examines whether the effect will persist when a 15-min time gap between the Cyberball experience and subsequent psychological stress is introduced.

Coping as mediator of the relationship between stress and itch in patients with atopic dermatitis: a regression and mediation analysis.

Even though it has been shown that stress and itch are associated in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD), it remains unclear whether this relationship occurs due to certain coping strategies being activated under stress. Therefore, this study investigates the role of coping as possible mediating factor between stress and itch in 31 patients with AD. Coping and itch were assessed by self-reported measures, while stress was measured both by a validated questionnaire and by a physiological stress marker, the postawakening cortisol.

Effects of pre-experience of social exclusion on hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and catecholaminergic responsiveness to public speaking stress.

Background: Being socially excluded is associated with a variety of psychological changes and with an increased risk of disease. Today, the immediate physiological consequences of being socially excluded are not well understood. In two recent studies employing a standardized exclusion paradigm (Cyberball) we found social exclusion in this virtual game did not alter cortisol secretion directly.

Psychophysiological effects of stress management in patients with atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled trial.

Atopic dermatitis leads to, and can be triggered by, stress. Psychological interventions have been shown to have positive effects on skin status, itch and scratching behaviour. However, it has not been analysed whether stress management leads to a change in physiological stress level and psychophysiological stress reaction under acute stress in this patient group.

Pre-experience of social exclusion suppresses cortisol response to psychosocial stress in women but not in men.

Lack of social support and social exclusion is associated with adverse effects for mental and physical health. Additionally, women appear to be more vulnerable to social triggers of health disturbances. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical-axis (HPA axis) might play a key role in this context as it has been shown both to relate to psychosocial conditions and health outcomes and to respond differentially depending on gender.

Endocrine and psychological stress responses in a simulated emergency situation.

Background: Several studies have assessed the effects of training using patient simulation systems on medical skills. However, endocrine and psychological stress responses in a patient simulation situation and the relationship between stress reactivity and medical performance have been studied rarely, so far.

Methods: Medical students (18 males and 16 females) who had completed at least two months anaesthesiology training participated in the study.

Alterations of postawakening cortisol parameters during a prolonged stress period: Results of a prospective controlled study.

Though postawakening cortisol is considered to be altered under chronic stress prospective studies proving this assumption is missing, so far. Furthermore, there is some uncertainty which aspects of postawakening cortisol alterations are strongest related to stress. The present study thus analyzed the cortisol concentration at awakening itself (0 min), the cortisol awakening response (CAR; i.

No effect of social exclusion on salivary cortisol secretion in women in a randomized controlled study.

Background: Lack of social support and social exclusion are associated with adverse effects for mental and physical health. Additionally, women appear to be more vulnerable to social triggers of health disturbances. Activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis (HPA-axis) might play a key role in this context as it has been shown both to be associated with psychosocial conditions and health outcomes and to respond differentially depending on gender.

Acute stress induces proinflammatory signaling at chronic inflammation sites.

Objectives: To analyze in a randomized controlled study whether acute psychological stress alters local proinflammatory signals in a human model of chronic inflammation, i.e., gingivitis.