Botulinum Toxin A for Provoked Vestibulodynia: 12 Months' Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a common pain disorder afflicting primarily young women, and botulinum toxin A (BTA) has been to a limited extent tested as a treatment.

Aim: Evaluate outcome 12 months after injection with BTA as a treatment for PVD.

Methods: We conducted a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of twice repeated injections of 50 units of BTA or placebo in the bulbocavernosus muscles, 3 months apart, in women with PVD.

Botulinum Toxin A as a Treatment for Provoked Vestibulodynia: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: To evaluate pain reduction after two injections of 50 units botulinum toxin A compared with placebo for provoked vestibulodynia.

Methods: We conducted a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial of 50 units botulinum toxin A or placebo injected in the bulbocavernosus muscles twice, 3 months apart, in women with provoked vestibulodynia. Primary outcome was self-reported dyspareunia or pain at tampon use on a visual analog scale (VAS, 0-100).

A118G polymorphism in the μ-opioid receptor gene and levels of β-endorphin are associated with provoked vestibulodynia and pressure pain sensitivity.

Background and aims Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is the most common cause of dyspareunia among young women. The aetiology is largely unknown and treatment is often extensive and longstanding with varying outcomes. Patients display general pain hypersensitivity and there are correlations with other chronic pain syndromes such as fibromyalgia later in life.

Serotonin receptor gene (5HT-2A) polymorphism is associated with provoked vestibulodynia and comorbid symptoms of pain.

Introduction: Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a common type of dyspareunia among young women. The patho-physiology remains largely unclear. Women with PVD have general pain hypersensitivity and often report additional pain symptoms.

GCH1-polymorphism and pain sensitivity among women with provoked vestibulodynia.

Background: Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a pain disorder localized in the vestibular mucosa. It is the most common cause of dyspareunia among young women and it is associated with general pain hypersensitivity and other chronic pain conditions. Polymorphism in the guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase (GCH1) gene has been found to influence general pain sensitivity and the risk of developing a longstanding pain condition.

Provoked vestibulodynia--medical factors and comorbidity associated with treatment outcome.

Introduction: Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is the most common cause of dyspareunia in young women. The etiology is unclear, and there is little knowledge of how to predict treatment outcome.

Aim: The aim of this study was to identify medical factors associated with treatment outcome and coital pain in women with PVD.