Targeting the Bottlenecks in Levan Biosynthesis Pathway in and Strain Optimization by Computational Modeling and Omics Integration.

Levan is a fructan polymer with many industrial applications such as the formulation of hydrogels, drug delivery, and wound healing, among others. To this end, metabolic systems engineering is a valuable method to improve the yield of a specific metabolite in a wide range of bacterial and eukaryotic organisms. In this study, we report a systems biology approach integrating genomics data for the model, wherein the metabolic pathway for levan biosynthesis is unpacked.

Crystal structure of [2-({[2-(dimethylamino-κ)ethyl]imino-κ}methyl)phenolato-κ](1,10-phen-anthroline-κ ,')copper(II) perchlorate.

The title compound, [Cu(CHNO)(CHN)]ClO or [Cu()(phen)](ClO) {where refers to the deprotonated form of 2-[(2-di-methyl-amino-ethyl-imino)-meth-yl]phenol} and phen is 1,10-phenanthroline) is a mononuclear mixed ligand copper(II) complex. The Cu atom is coordinated by two N and one O atoms of the tridentate Schiff base ligand (H) and two N atoms of the 1,10-phenanthroline ligand, resulting in a five-coordinate complex. The asymmetric unit of the title complex contains two crystallographically independent complex cations ( and ) with a slightly different geometry around the Cu ion.

Coarse grained modelling highlights the binding differences in the two different allosteric sites of the Human Kinesin EG5 and its implications in inhibitor design.

Kinesins involved in mitotic cell division have gained prominence as promising chemotherapy targets. One such kinesin, EG5, a motor protein responsible for cell division, is a validated chemotherapy target with several compounds at various stages of clinical trials. EG5 has an active site and two different allosteric sites that are known to have ligand specificity.

Lead Generation for Human Mitotic Kinesin Eg5 Using Structure-based Virtual Screening and Validation by In-vitro and Cell-based Assays.

Background: Human mitotic kinesins play a crucial role in mitotic cell division. Targeting the spindle separation phase of mitosis has gained much attention pharmaceutically in cancer chemotherapy. Spindle segregation is carried out mainly by Eg5 kinesin, and currently, it has many inhibitors in different phases of clinical trials.

Tackling drug resistance with efflux pump inhibitors: from bacteria to cancerous cells.

Drug resistance is a serious concern in a clinical setting jeopardizing treatment for both infectious agents and cancers alike. The wide-spread emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) phenotypes from bacteria to cancerous cells necessitates the need to target resistance mechanisms and prevent the emergence of resistant mutants. Drug efflux seems to be one of the preferred approaches embraced by both microbial and mammalian cells alike, to thwart the action of chemotherapeutic agents thereby leading to a drug resistant phenotype.

Ferulic acid derivative inhibits NorA efflux and in combination with ciprofloxacin curtails growth of MRSA in vitro and in vivo.

A series of ferulic acid (FA) derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for its ability to inhibit NorA efflux in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), by in silico docking analysis. Based on prediction from glide scores and ability to reduce EtBr MIC, two of the ten derivatives S3- [4-((E)-2-(diethylcarbamoyl)vinyl)-2-methoxyphenyl acetate] and S6- [(E)-methyl 3-(4-((p-tolylcarbamoyl)methoxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)acrylate] were chosen as putative efflux pump inhibitors (EPI's). Time dependent accumulation studies revealed that S6 caused enhanced EtBr accumulation relative to standard NorA efflux inhibitor reserpine, in clinical isolate of MRSA (CIMRSA) and in NorA overexpressed strain of S.

Identification of novel scaffolds to inhibit human mitotic kinesin Eg5 targeting the second allosteric binding site using in silico methods.

Human mitotic kinesins are potential anticancer drug targets because of their essential role in mitotic cell division. The kinesin Eg5 (Kinesin-5, kif11) has gained much attention in this regard and has many inhibitors in different phases of clinical trials. All drug candidates considered for Eg5 so far binds to the binding site (Site 1) formed by the loop L5, helices α2 and α3 and are uncompetitive to ATP/ADP.

Dithiazole thione derivative as competitive NorA efflux pump inhibitor to curtail multi drug resistant clinical isolate of MRSA in a zebrafish infection model.

Multi drug resistant (MDR) pathogens pose a serious threat to public health since they can easily render most potent drugs ineffective. Efflux pump inhibitors (EPI) can be used to counter the MDR phenotypes arising due to increased efflux. In the present study, a series of dithiazole thione derivatives were synthesized and checked for its antibacterial and efflux pump inhibitory (EPI) activity.

Structural insights into a unique inhibitor binding pocket in kinesin spindle protein.

Human kinesin Eg5 is a target for drug development in cancer chemotherapy with compounds in phase II clinical trials. These agents bind to a well-characterized allosteric pocket involving the loop L5 region, a structural element in kinesin-5 family members thought to provide inhibitor specificity. Using X-ray crystallography, kinetic, and biophysical methods, we have identified and characterized a distinct allosteric pocket in Eg5 able to bind inhibitors with nanomolar K(d).

Structure-activity relationship and multidrug resistance study of new S-trityl-L-cysteine derivatives as inhibitors of Eg5.

The mitotic spindle is a validated target for cancer chemotherapy. Drugs such as taxanes and vinca alkaloids specifically target microtubules and cause the mitotic spindle to collapse. However, toxicity and resistance are problems associated with these drugs.

Structure-activity relationships and molecular docking of novel dihydropyrimidine-based mitotic Eg5 inhibitors.

Dihydropyrimidine-based compounds belong to the first discovered inhibitors of the human mitotic kinesin Eg5. Although they are used by many research groups as model compounds for chemical genetics, considerably less emphasis has been placed on the improvement of this type of inhibitor, with the exception of two recent studies. Dihydropyrimidines can be divided into class I (analogues that bind in the S configuration) and class II type inhibitors, which bind in the R configuration.

Structural basis for inhibition of Eg5 by dihydropyrimidines: stereoselectivity of antimitotic inhibitors enastron, dimethylenastron and fluorastrol.

Human kinesin Eg5, which plays an essential role in mitosis by establishing the bipolar spindle, has proven to be an interesting drug target for the development of cancer chemotherapeutics. Here, we report the crystal structures of the Eg5 motor domain complexed with enastron, dimethylenastron, and fluorastrol. By comparing these structures to that of monastrol and mon-97, we identified the main reasons for increased potency of these new inhibitors, namely the better fit of the ligand to the allosteric binding site and the addition of fluorine atoms.

Nucleotide substrate recognition by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase (LpxA) in the first step of lipid A biosynthesis.

Lipid A is an integral component of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that forms the selective and protective outer monolayer of Gram-negative bacteria, and is essential for bacterial growth and viability. UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase (LpxA) initiates lipid A biosynthesis by catalyzing the transfer of R-3-hydroxymyristic acid from acyl carrier protein to the 3'-hydroxyl group of UDP-GlcNAc. The enzyme is a homotrimer, and previous studies suggested that the active site lies within a positively charged cleft formed at the subunit-subunit interface.

Crystal engineering with heteroboranes. III. 2-Carboxy-1-methoxymethyl-1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12).

The title compound, 1-CH(2)OCH(3)-2-COOH-1,2-closo-C(2)B(10)H(10) or C(5)H(16)B(10)O(3), forms a discrete centrosymmetric tetramer, via hydrogen bonding, involving two inner and two outer carborane molecules. One conventional eight-membered hydrogen-bonded ring [graph set R(2)(2)(8)] is formed between two carboxylic acid groups of the inner carboranes. This interaction is then supplemented by an open finite hydrogen bond (graph set D) between the ether O atom of the inner carborane and the carboxylic acid H atom of the outer carborane.

Crystal engineering with heteroboranes. II. 1,2-Dicarboxy-1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12) ethanol hemisolvate.

The title compound, 1,2-(COOH)(2)-1,2-closo-C(2)B(10)H(10).0.5C(2)H(6)O or C(4)H(12)B(10)O(4).