Multiple sclerosis in a 4-year-old boy: a case report and literature review.

Pediatric onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) in the very young is a very rare entity and presents a difficult diagnostic challenge due to overlapping signs and symptoms with other diseases. We present a 4-year-old boy who initially presented with right-sided hemiparesis and demyelinating lesions on MRI. Follow-up MRI examinations 3 and 6 months later revealed new demyelinating lesions.

Children with Arteriovenous Malformations of the Central Nervous System: A Retrospective Study of 12 Pediatric Cases from a Single Tertiary Center in Slovenia.

BACKGROUND Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a developmental condition that consists of a focal mass of interconnected veins and arteries. This retrospective study was conducted at the only tertiary center in Slovenia and included 12 pediatric cases of AVM of the CNS, diagnosed between 2000 and 2020. MATERIAL AND METHODS The patients were collected based on the ICD coding system.

Children with cavernous malformations of the central nervous system.

Background: Cavernous malformations (CM) of the central nervous system (CNS) are a rare pathology in the pediatric population that may present with an acute onset of severe neurological symptoms.

Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical presentation, family history, genetic background, radiological features, treatment and outcome of children with CM.

Methods: This observational cohort study included all children with CM of the CNS diagnosed in the period 2000-2020 at University Children's Hospital in Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Clinical and Radiological Characteristics of Non-Benign Pineal Cyst Lesions in Children.

With the increasing availability and advances in brain imaging, pineal cyst lesions (PCL) are becoming a common finding in the pediatric population. In the absence of evidence-based guidelines, optimal diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have not been established, and there is a risk of under- or overtreatment of these patients. The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical presentation and radiological features of PCL in a cohort of pediatric patients and to identify clinical parameters more commonly associated with neoplasms in the pineal region.