Effects of carbon black particles on human monocyte-derived macrophages: type-dependent pro-inflammatory activation in vitro.

Carbon black is a key component of air-borne particulate matter, linked to adverse health outcomes, such as increased susceptibility to respiratory infections and chronic pulmonary disease exacerbations. Fine and ultrafine particles can penetrate the lungs, enter the bloodstream, and induce pathogenetic events. Macrophages play a crucial role in responding to inhaled particles, including carbon black, by initiating an innate immune response and upregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-oxidative enzymes.

Extracellular vesicles promote autophagy in human microglia through lipid raft-dependent mechanisms.

Autophagy dysfunction has been closely related with pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases and therefore represents a potential therapeutic target. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) may act as potent anti-inflammatory agents and also modulators of autophagy in target cells. However, the molecular mechanisms by which EVs modulate autophagy flux in human microglia remain largely unexplored.

Extracellular vesicles from oral mucosa stem cells promote lipid raft formation in human microglia through TLR4, P2X4R, and αVβ3/αVβ5 signaling pathways.

Targeting of disease-associated microglia represents a promising therapeutic approach that can be used for the prevention or slowing down neurodegeneration. In this regard, the use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) represents a promising therapeutic approach. However, the molecular mechanisms by which EVs regulate microglial responses remain poorly understood.

Extracellular Vesicles from Human Teeth Stem Cells Trigger ATP Release and Promote Migration of Human Microglia through P2X4 Receptor/MFG-E8-Dependent Mechanisms.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) effectively suppress neuroinflammation and induce neuroprotective effects in different disease models. However, the mechanisms by which EVs regulate the neuroinflammatory response of microglia remains largely unexplored. Here, we addressed this issue by testing the action of EVs derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth stem cells (SHEDs) on immortalized human microglial cells.

Time-Dependent Memory and Gait Improvement by Intranasally-Administered Extracellular Vesicles in Parkinson's Disease Model Rats.

We have recently demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from the human teeth stem cells improve motor symptoms and normalize tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the nigrostriatal structures of Parkinson's disease (PD) model rats obtained by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) unilateral injection into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). The aim of this study was to clarify: (1) how long therapeutic effects persist after discontinuation of 17-day intranasal administration of EVs in 6-OHDA rats; (2) may EVs reverse cognitive (learning/memory) dysfunction in these PD model rats; (3) whether and how the behavioral improvement may be related to the expression of TH and Nissl bodies count in the nigrostriatal structures. Our results demonstrated that in 6-OHDA rats, gait was normalized even ten days after discontinuation of EVs administration.

Intranasal Administration of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Teeth Stem Cells Improves Motor Symptoms and Normalizes Tyrosine Hydroxylase Expression in the Substantia Nigra and Striatum of the 6-Hydroxydopamine-Treated Rats.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. At present, there is no effective cure for PD; treatments are symptomatic and do not halt progression of neurodegeneration. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can cross the blood-brain barrier and represent promising alternative to the classical treatment strategies.

Extracellular vesicles can act as a potent immunomodulators of human microglial cells.

Functional impairments of microglia have been recently associated with several neurological conditions. Therefore, modulation of anti-inflammatory and phagocytic properties of microglial cells could represent a novel therapeutic approach. In the present study, we investigated the effects of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from stem cells from the dental pulp of human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) on the inflammatory response and functional properties of immortalized human microglial cells.