The illusory truth effect: A review of how repetition increases belief in misinformation.

Repetition increases belief in information, a phenomenon known as the illusory truth effect. In laboratory experiments, the illusory truth effect has often been examined using general trivia statements as stimuli, but repetition also increases belief in misinformation, such as fake news headlines and conspiracy beliefs. Repetition even increases belief in claims that are implausible or that contradict prior knowledge.

The illusory truth effect requires semantic coherence across repetitions.

Repeated exposure to information increases its' perceived truth, and this illusory truth effect is often explained by two theoretical frameworks: the fluency account and the referential theory of truth. Whereas the fluency account suggests that prior activation of a single referent within a statement should increase its perceived truth, the referential theory makes no such predictions. The referential theory instead proposes that when a statement is processed, it activates the corresponding memory referents within that statement and strengthens the connection between these referents in the semantic memory network.

Age and Gender Differences in the Borrowing of Personal Stories.

Background: In prior research, about half of undergraduate students claimed to have "borrowed" a story, by telling someone else's autobiographical memory as if it was their own. Given that borrowing stories often involves intentional fabrication, and given that there are age-related declines in lying, we hypothesized that reports of intentionally borrowing stories should decline with age.

Methods: We recruited participants who ranged in age from 18 to 86 and asked them to complete an online retrospective survey about borrowing stories.

Age differences in affective forecasting accuracy.

Affective forecasts are people's predictions of their future feelings in response to future events. In this study, we examined whether younger and older adults differ in their affective forecasting accuracy. To do so, we recruited younger and older American voters and asked them to predict how they would feel following the 2020 U.

The effects of repetition spacing on the illusory truth effect.

The illusory truth effect refers to the fact that repetition increases perceptions of truth. In these experiments, we examined whether the magnitude of the illusory truth effect varies based upon repetition spacing. In Experiment 1, participants read facts that repeated twice, with a lag of 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 intervening facts.

Urine nicotine metabolites and smoking behavior in a multiracial/multiethnic national sample of young adults.

Nicotine metabolism has been hypothesized to affect patterns of smoking. The recent development of a noninvasive measure of nicotine metabolism, the nicotine metabolite ratio (trans-3'-hydroxycotinine/cotinine), makes it possible to examine the association between rate of nicotine metabolism and smoking behavior in the general population. This US study examined group differences in the ratio measured in urine and the association between the ratio and multiple measures of smoking behavior and nicotine dependence in a large, national representative sample of young adults.

Prevalence of HIV infection among young adults in the United States: results from the Add Health study.

Objectives: We estimated HIV prevalence rates among young adults in the United States.

Methods: We used survey data from the third wave of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a random sample of nearly 19000 young adults initiated in 1994-1995. Consenting respondents were screened for the presence of antibodies to HIV-1 in oral mucosal transudate specimens.

Masculinity-femininity predicts sexual orientation in men but not in women.

Using the nationally representative sample of about 15,000 Add Health respondents in Wave III, the hypothesis is tested that masculinity-femininity in adolescence is correlated with sexual orientation 5 years later and 6 years later: that is, that for adolescent males in 1995 and again in 1996, more feminine males have a higher probability of self-identifying as homosexuals in 2001-02. It is predicted that for adolescent females in 1995 and 1996, more masculine females have a higher probability of self-identifying as homosexuals in 2001-02. Masculinity-femininity is measured by the classical method used by Terman & Miles.

Longitudinal trends in race/ethnic disparities in leading health indicators from adolescence to young adulthood.

Objective: To use ethnically diverse, national data to examine longitudinal trends in race/ethnic disparities in 20 leading health indicators from Healthy People 2010 across multiple domains from adolescence to young adulthood. Much of what is known about health disparities is based on cross-sectional measures collected at a single time point.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Nationally representative data for more than 14 000 adolescents enrolled in wave I (1994-1995) or wave II (1996) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) and followed up into adulthood (wave III; 2001-2002).

The prevalence of trichomoniasis in young adults in the United States.

Background And Objectives: The prevalence of trichomoniasis in the general population of the United States is unknown. This study provides the first population-based prevalence estimates of trichomoniasis among young adults in the United States.

Methods: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) is an ongoing prospective cohort study.

Risk factors differ according to same-sex and opposite-sex interest.

Are risk behaviours in adolescence differentiated according to same-sex vs opposite-sex interest? For all respondents a five-point scale of interest in each sex used information from both of the first two in-home waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Logistic regression predicted the probability of experiencing each risk behaviour from the same-sex and opposite-sex interest scores. Same-sex interests have more effect on emotional risk, and opposite-sex interests have more effect on substance use.

Prevalence of chlamydial and gonococcal infections among young adults in the United States.

Context: Chlamydial and gonococcal infections are important causes of pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Although screening for Chlamydia trachomatis is widely recommended among young adult women, little information is available regarding the prevalence of chlamydial and gonococcal infections in the general young adult population.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of chlamydial and gonococcal infections in a nationally representative sample of young adults living in the United States.

Masculinity-femininity guides sexual union formation in adolescents.

The authors test the idea that patterns of masculinity-femininity (MF) help sort adolescents into romantic couples. Using a nationally representative sample of adolescents in Grades 7 to 12 from a probability sample of secondary schools in the United States, an MF measure was constructed by selecting a set of questionnaire items demonstrating sex differences. For each respondent, the probability of being a boy was predicted.

Health and behavior risks of adolescents with mixed-race identity.

Objectives: This study compared the health and risk status of adolescents who identify with 1 race with those identifying with more than 1 race.

Methods: Data are derived from self-reports of race, using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), which provides a large representative national sample of adolescents in grades 7 through 12. Respondents could report more than 1 race.

Reactions of young adults to September 11, 2001.

Background: Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health provides opportunities to describe the reactions of young adults to September 11, 2001, and to increase understanding of the reactions among those who do not directly witness disasters.

Objectives: To compare the feelings, perceptions, and behaviors of respondents interviewed before with those of respondents interviewed within 9 weeks after September 11; and to test the influence of time and distance from terrorist sites on pre-post comparisons.

Design: Cross-sectional study, with comparison groups before and after September 11.

Associations between stress reactivity and sexual and nonsexual risk taking in young adult human males.

Release of the hormone cortisol represents a distress response to novel or stressful situations. Individual differences in such reactivity have been conceptualized as representing a relatively enduring, generalizable trait. In this study, cortisol responses to two experimentally manipulated "sexual" and "nonsexual" stressors were used to examine whether stress reactivity is related to sexual and nonsexual risk behavior in young adult males.

Risk assessment of adolescents with same-sex relationships.

Purpose: To compare the risk status on health and behavior for those with same-sex partners and those without.

Methods: Add Health data provide a sample of 20,745 adolescents in grades 7 through 12 interviewed at home. The risk statuses of respondents with no partners, same-sex-only partners, and partners of both sexes were compared to respondents with opposite-sex partners only.

Sexual behaviors of physically disabled adolescents in the United States.

Purpose: To examine differences in some aspects of sexual behavior between physically disabled and nondisabled adolescents in the United States.

Methods: The 1994-1995 Wave I data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a stratified, multistage cluster, school-based sample of 7th to 12th graders, were used. Physical disabilities were measured in terms of functional limitation and activity restriction.

You don't bring me anything but down: adolescent romance and depression.

What accounts for the sex difference in depression that emerges during the period of adolescence? We propose that females become more depressed than males in adolescence partly as a consequence of their involvement in romantic relationships. Using two waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 8,181), a study which began interviewing respondents in 1994, we compare change in levels of depression for adolescents with and without romantic involvement between interviews. Our results suggest that males and females who become romantically involved between interviews experience a larger increase in depression than their counterparts who do not; however, females experience a larger increase in depression than males in response to romantic involvement.

Smart teens don't have sex (or kiss much either).

Purpose: To examine the relationship between an intelligence measure and a wide spectrum of partnered sexual activity ranging from holding hands to sexual intercourse among adolescents.

Method: Analyses are based on two separate samples of adolescents. The core sample of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) includes approximately 12,000 adolescents enrolled in the 7th to 12th grades.

Prenatal effects of maternal smoking on daughters' smoking: nicotine or testosterone exposure?

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to specify the effect of prenatal fetal exposure to maternal cotinine and testosterone on daughters' smoking in adolescence and adulthood.

Methods: Longitudinal causal models were estimated among 240 White mother-daughter pairs from the Child Health and Development Study. Mothers and daughters were reinterviewed when daughters were aged 15 to 17 years, and daughters were interviewed at 27 to 30 years of age.

Effects of body fat on weight concerns, dating, and sexual activity: a longitudinal analysis of black and white adolescent girls.

Using data from a 2-year longitudinal study of 200 Black and White adolescent girls (mean age was 13.8 years at study entry), the authors investigated the implications of differences in body fat for dating and sexual activity and the implications of heterosexual activity for dieting and weight concerns. Among White girls, and Black girls with college-educated mothers, more body fat was associated with a lower probability of dating, even among nonobese girls.

Monthly measures of salivary testosterone predict sexual activity in adolescent males.

Strong relationships between one-time serum testosterone (T) measures and sexual activity have been demonstrated in cross-sectional analyses of adolescent males. However, a subsequent longitudinal study of a separate adolescent sample, using semiannual plasma measures, failed to replicate cross-sectional findings. The present study reexamined the relationship between T and sexual activity using more frequently collected measures of salivary T and behavior.