Micronutrient, Metabolic, and Inflammatory Biomarkers through 24 Months of Age in Infants Receiving Formula with Added Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membrane through the First Year of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) added in infant formula supports typical growth and safety through 24 mo of age in term infants.

Objectives: To assess micronutrient (zinc, iron, ferritin, transferrin receptor), metabolic [glucose, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)], and inflammatory (leptin, adiponectin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein) secondary outcomes through 24 mo of age in infants who received standard cow's milk-based infant formula (SF), similar formula with added bovine MFGM (EF), or human milk (HM) through 1 y.

Methods: Infants whose parents agreed to a blood draw at baseline (<120 d of age) (SF = 80; EF = 80; HM = 83) were included.

Association between fetal abdominal growth trajectories, maternal metabolite signatures early in pregnancy, and childhood growth and adiposity: prospective observational multinational INTERBIO-21st fetal study.

Background: Obesity predominantly affects populations in high-income countries and those countries facing epidemiological transition. The risk of childhood obesity is increased among infants who had overweight or obesity at birth, but in low-resource settings one in five infants are born small for gestational age. We aimed to study the relationships between: (1) maternal metabolite signatures; (2) fetal abdominal growth; and (3) postnatal growth, adiposity, and neurodevelopment.

Added bovine milk fat globule membrane in formula: Growth, body composition, and safety through age 2: An RCT.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of an experimental formula (EF) with added whey protein-lipid concentrate (5 g/L; source of bovine milk fat globule membrane [bMFGM]) on growth, body composition, and safety through 24 mo of age in term infants.

Methods: This was a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial conducted in Santiago, Chile. Infants were enrolled before 120 d and randomized to receive standard cow's milk-based formula (SF) or EF through the first year of life.

Growth of Very Low Birth Weight Infants Who Received a Liquid Human Milk Fortifier: A Randomized, Controlled Multicenter Trial.

Objectives: To evaluate growth (weight, length, head circumference, and knee-heel length [KHL]) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (500-1500 g) who received human milk with a liquid fortifier (LHMF) with high protein and fatty acid content versus a traditional powder fortifier (PHMF) for 45 days or until discharge.

Methods: This was a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. An intention-to-treat analysis was performed to determine adverse events and withdrawal causes.

Maternal Obesity Is Associated With Higher Cord Blood Adipokines in Offspring Most Notably in Females.

Background: Deleterious long-term effects in the offspring from women with pregravid obesity have been described; however, the evidence supporting early metabolic and inflammatory markers in the offspring at birth and gender differences are conflicting.

Objective: The present study aimed to compare cord blood adipokines and cytokines concentrations and anthropometric characteristics of the offspring of women with maternal obesity (MO) and normal-weight mothers (NWM). Also, maternal and neonatal variables on the association of maternal body mass index (BMI) with cord blood adipokines were evaluated.

Fetal cranial growth trajectories are associated with growth and neurodevelopment at 2 years of age: INTERBIO-21st Fetal Study.

Many observational studies and some randomized trials demonstrate how fetal growth can be influenced by environmental insults (for example, maternal infections) and preventive interventions (for example, multiple-micronutrient supplementation) that can have a long-lasting effect on health, growth, neurodevelopment and even educational attainment and income in adulthood. In a cohort of pregnant women (n = 3,598), followed-up between 2012 and 2019 at six sites worldwide, we studied the associations between ultrasound-derived fetal cranial growth trajectories, measured longitudinally from <14 weeks' gestation, against international standards, and growth and neurodevelopment up to 2 years of age. We identified five trajectories associated with specific neurodevelopmental, behavioral, visual and growth outcomes, independent of fetal abdominal growth, postnatal morbidity and anthropometric measures at birth and age 2.

Association Between Preterm-Birth Phenotypes and Differential Morbidity, Growth, and Neurodevelopment at Age 2 Years: Results From the INTERBIO-21st Newborn Study.

Importance: The etiologic complexities of preterm birth remain inadequately understood, which may impede the development of better preventative and treatment measures.

Objective: To examine the association between specific preterm-birth phenotypes and clinical, growth, and neurodevelopmental differences among preterm newborns compared with term newborns up to age 2 years.

Design, Setting, And Participants: The INTERBIO-21st study included a cohort of preterm and term newborn singletons enrolled between March 2012 and June 2018 from maternity hospitals in 6 countries worldwide who were followed up from birth to age 2 years.

Enteral Feeding and Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Does Time of First Feeds and Rate of Advancement Matter?

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine if time to initial enteral feeding (EF) and rate of advancement are associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) or death.

Methods: Secondary analysis of prospectively collected data of very-low-birth-weight infants (VLBWI: 400--1500 g) born in 26 NEOCOSUR centers between 2000 and 2014.

Results: Among 12,387 VLBWI, 83.

Maternal obesity is associated with a sex-specific epigenetic programming in human neonatal monocytes.

To determine changes in global DNA methylation in monocytes from neonates of women with obesity, as markers of an immune programming resulting from maternal obesity. Cord blood monocytes were obtained from neonates born to women with obesity and normal weight, genome-wide differentially methylated CpGs were determined using an Infinium MethylationEPIC-BeadChip (850K). No clustering of samples according to maternal BMI was observed, but sex-specific analysis revealed 71,728 differentially methylated CpGs in female neonates from women with obesity (p < 0.

Periodic Revisions of the International Choices Criteria: Process and Results.

Unhealthy diets contribute to an increased risk of non-communicable diseases, which are the leading causes of deaths worldwide. Nutrition policies such as front-of-pack labeling have been developed and implemented globally in different countries to stimulate healthier diets. The Choices Programme, including the International Choices criteria, is an established tool to support the implementation of such policies.

Leptin in Cord Blood Associates with Asthma Risk at Age 3 in the Offspring of Women with Gestational Obesity.

Maternal obesity is associated with asthma in the offspring. Whether cord blood leptin is associated with risk of asthma in offspring is unclear. To assess whether cord blood leptin from women with pregestational obesity predict preschool asthma.

Effectiveness of a normative nutrition intervention in Chilean pregnant women on maternal and neonatal outcomes: the CHiMINCs study.

Background: Some nutritional interventions have shown their efficacy in reducing gestational weight gain (GWG); however, their applicability in routine care is limited.

Objective: We assessed the effectiveness of a low-intensity and high-coverage nutritional intervention on maternal and offspring outcomes; the intervention enhanced existing nutritional health care standards and practices at the primary health care level in Chile.

Methods: This study was a cluster-randomized controlled trial of 12 primary health care centers (PHCCs) from Santiago, Chile.

Predictive anthropometric models of total and truncal body fat in Chilean children.

Objectives: This study aimed to develop predictive anthropometric models for total and truncal body fat in Chilean children using the following anthropometric measurements: weight, height, skinfold thickness, and circumference.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 669 Chilean children (12.0 y ± 1.

Effect of feeding mode on infant growth and cognitive function: study protocol of the Chilean infant Nutrition randomized controlled Trial (ChiNuT).

Background: A central aim for pediatric nutrition is to develop infant formula compositionally closer to human milk. Milk fat globule membranes (MFGM) have shown to have functional components that are found in human milk, suggesting that addition of bovine sources of MFGM (bMFGM) to infant formula may promote beneficial outcomes potentially helping to narrow the gap between infants who receive human breast milk or infant formula. The objective of the current study is to determine how the addition of bMFGM in infant formula and consumption in early infancy affects physical growth and brain development when compared to infants fed with a standard formula and a reference group of infants fed with mother's own milk.

Ultra-processed foods drive to unhealthy diets: evidence from Chile.

Objectives: To assess the consumption of ultra-processed foods and its association with the overall dietary content of nutrients related to non-communicable diseases (NCD) in the Chilean diet and to estimate the population attributable fraction of ultra-processed food consumption on the unhealthy nutrient content.

Design: Cross-sectional analysis of dietary data collected through a national survey (2010).

Setting: Chile.

Early origins of allergy and asthma (ARIES): study protocol for a prospective prenatal birth cohort in Chile.

Background: Growing evidence shows that atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy (FA), allergic rhinitis, and asthma are largely determined during the first 1000 days (time elapsed from conception to the 2nd birthday). The ARIES birth cohort aims to determine prenatal and perinatal conditions, as well as genetic and epigenetic factors, that participate in the early setting of immune responses, and the role of these in the later determination of the risk of allergic diseases and asthma in the offspring.

Methods: We have designed a birth cohort of 250 families with prenatal recruitment (~ 14 weeks).

International gestational age-specific centiles for umbilical artery Doppler indices: a longitudinal prospective cohort study of the INTERGROWTH-21 Project.

Background: Reference values for umbilical artery Doppler indices are used clinically to assess fetal well-being. However, many studies that have produced reference charts have important methodologic limitations, and these result in significant heterogeneity of reported reference ranges.

Objectives: To produce international gestational age-specific centiles for umbilical artery Doppler indices based on longitudinal data and the same rigorous methodology used in the original Fetal Growth Longitudinal Study of the INTERGROWTH-21 Project.

Early Obesity: Risk Factor for Fatty Liver Disease.

Unlabelled: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), defined as fat accumulation greater than 5% in hepatocytes, may progress to fibrosis or cirrhosis later in life. NAFLD prevalence in adolescents has increased significantly in direct relation with obesity prevalence. Fatty liver has become the most frequent indication for liver transplantation in adults.

Regional Overview on the Double Burden of Malnutrition and Examples of Program and Policy Responses: Latin America and the Caribbean.

Background: Hunger, food insecurity, stunting, anemia, overweight, and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) may coexist in the same person, household, and community in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) is an important cause of disability and premature death, which could be addressed with comprehensive policies such as the Plan of Action for the Prevention of Obesity in Children and Adolescents. This paper summarizes the main policies and actions aimed to prevent undernutrition and obesity.

Maternal exposure to intimate partner violence and breastfeeding practices in 51 low-income and middle-income countries: A population-based cross-sectional study.

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a major global health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), that is associated with poor physical and mental health, but its association with breastfeeding practices is understudied. Both the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) recommend that children initiate breastfeeding within the first hour of birth and be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life. Breastfeeding within the first hour of birth is critical to newborn survival, and exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months is recognised to offer significant health benefits to mothers and their infants.

A macro- and micronutrient-fortified complementary food supplement reduced acute infection, improved haemoglobin and showed a dose-response effect in improving linear growth: a 12-month cluster randomised trial.

Inadequate protein quality may be a risk factor for poor growth. To examine the effect of a macronutrient-micronutrient supplement KOKO Plus (KP), provided to infants from 6 to 18 months of age, on linear growth, a single-blind cluster-randomised study was implemented in Ghana. A total of thirty-eight communities were randomly allocated to receive KP (fourteen communities, 322), a micronutrient powder (MN, thirteen communities, 329) and nutrition education (NE, eleven communities, 319).

Deep clinical and biological phenotyping of the preterm birth and small for gestational age syndromes: The INTERBIO-21 Newborn Case-Control Study protocol.

INTERBIO-21 is Phase II of the INTERGROWTH-21 Project, the population-based, research initiative involving nearly 70,000 mothers and babies worldwide coordinated by Oxford University and performed by a multidisciplinary network of more than 400 healthcare professionals and scientists from 35 institutions in 21 countries worldwide. Phase I, conducted 2008-2015, consisted of nine complementary studies designed to describe optimal human growth and neurodevelopment, based conceptually on the WHO prescriptive approach. The studies generated a set of international standards for monitoring growth and neurodevelopment, which complement the existing WHO Child Growth Standards.

Identification and functional analysis of missense mutations in the lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase gene in a Chilean patient with hypoalphalipoproteinemia.

Background: Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is a plasma enzyme that esterifies cholesterol in high- and low-density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL). Mutations in LCAT gene causes familial LCAT deficiency, which is characterized by very low plasma HDL-cholesterol levels (Hypoalphalipoproteinemia), corneal opacity and anemia, among other lipid-related traits. Our aim is to evaluate clinical/biochemical features of a Chilean family with a proband showing clinical signs of familial LCAT deficiency, as well as to identify and assess the functional effects of LCAT mutations.

Effectiveness of an Intervention of Dietary Counseling for Overweight and Obese Pregnant Women in the Consumption of Sugars and Energy.

Objective: Evaluate if an intervention based on nutritional counseling decreases total sugars and energy consumption in overweight and obese pregnant women, compared to their previous consumption and compared to women who only received routine counseling.

Methods: Randomized study of two groups: dietary counseling (Intervention Group: IG) and routine counseling (Control Group: CG). The intervention consisted of three educational sessions focused on decreasing intake of foods that most contribute to sugars consumption.