Training induces scapular dyskinesis in pain-free competitive swimmers: a reliability and observational study.

Objective: Scapular dyskinesis is a major etiological factor in overhead athletes' shoulder problems. Our hypotheses were to evaluate if (1) visual observation of scapular dyskinesis during scaption has substantial interobserver reliability, and (2) scapular dyskinesis may be induced by swim training in pain-free swimmers.

Design: A reliability and observational study.

Effect of physical activity on serum concentrations of digoxin and digitoxin.

Objective: To study the influence of moderate physical activity on serum concentrations of digoxin, digitoxin and albumin.

Methods: Blood samples were drawn from 10 consecutive mobile patients on digoxin and 12 patients on digitoxin therapy before and following a 10-min walking period. Digitalis serum concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay, and albumin serum concentrations by laser nephelometry.

Topical anesthetic induced pain as a diagnostic tool for kerato conjunctivitis sicca (KCS).

Duration and intensity of pain induced by instillation of an acid local anesthetic eyedrop were compared in 321 normals and 77 KCS-patients. The medium duration of pain was increased in KCS-patients (16.23 s) compared to normals (7.