Small proteins modulate ion-channel-like ACD6 to regulate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana.

The multi-pass transmembrane protein ACCELERATED CELL DEATH 6 (ACD6) is an immune regulator in Arabidopsis thaliana with an unclear biochemical mode of action. We have identified two loci, MODULATOR OF HYPERACTIVE ACD6 1 (MHA1) and its paralog MHA1-LIKE (MHA1L), that code for ∼7 kDa proteins, which differentially interact with specific ACD6 variants. MHA1L enhances the accumulation of an ACD6 complex, thereby increasing the activity of the ACD6 standard allele for regulating plant growth and defenses.

Standing genetic variation fuels rapid evolution of herbicide resistance in blackgrass.

Repeated herbicide applications in agricultural fields exert strong selection on weeds such as blackgrass (), which is a major threat for temperate climate cereal crops. This inadvertent selection pressure provides an opportunity for investigating the underlying genetic mechanisms and evolutionary processes of rapid adaptation, which can occur both through mutations in the direct targets of herbicides and through changes in other, often metabolic, pathways, known as non-target-site resistance. How much target-site resistance (TSR) relies on de novo mutations vs.

Population structure and evolution of resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibitors in Amaranthus tuberculatus in Italy.

Background: Before 2010, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J. D.

Natural haplotypes of non-coding sequences fine-tune flowering time in ambient spring temperatures in Arabidopsis.

Cool ambient temperatures are major cues determining flowering time in spring. The mechanisms promoting or delaying flowering in response to ambient temperature changes are only beginning to be understood. In , () regulates flowering in the ambient temperature range and is transcribed and alternatively spliced in a temperature-dependent manner.

Modulation of Ambient Temperature-Dependent Flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana by Natural Variation of FLOWERING LOCUS M.

Plants integrate seasonal cues such as temperature and day length to optimally adjust their flowering time to the environment. Compared to the control of flowering before and after winter by the vernalization and day length pathways, mechanisms that delay or promote flowering during a transient cool or warm period, especially during spring, are less well understood. Due to global warming, understanding this ambient temperature pathway has gained increasing importance.