Healthy Dietary Pattern Cycling Affects Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: Results from a Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial with Young, Healthy Adults.

Background: Previous research demonstrates that adopting, abandoning, and re-adopting (i.e., cycling) a healthy dietary pattern (HDP) improved, reverted, and re-improved cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors.

A Gnotobiotic Mouse Model with Divergent Equol-Producing Phenotypes: Potential for Determining Microbial-Driven Health Impacts of Soy Isoflavone Daidzein.

The implications of soy consumption on human health have been a subject of debate, largely due to the mixed evidence regarding its benefits and potential risks. The variability in responses to soy has been partly attributed to differences in the metabolism of soy isoflavones, compounds with structural similarities to estrogen. Approximately one-third of humans possess gut bacteria capable of converting soy isoflavone daidzein into equol, a metabolite produced exclusively by gut microbiota with significant estrogenic potency.

Effects of xylo-oligosaccharide on gut microbiota, brain protein expression, and lipid profile induced by high-fat diet.

Midlife overweight and obesity are risk factors of cognitive decline and Alzheimer' s disease (AD) in late life. In addition to increasing risk of obesity and cognitive dysfunction, diets rich in fats also contributes to an imbalance of gut microbiota. Xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are a kind of prebiotic with several biological advantages, and can selectively promote the growth of beneficial microorganisms in the gut.

Gut microbiome responds to alteration in female sex hormone status and exacerbates metabolic dysfunction.

Women are at significantly greater risk of metabolic dysfunction after menopause, which subsequently leads to numerous chronic illnesses. The gut microbiome is associated with obesity and metabolic dysfunction, but its interaction with female sex hormone status and the resulting impact on host metabolism remains unclear. Herein, we characterized inflammatory and metabolic phenotypes as well as the gut microbiome associated with ovariectomy and high-fat diet feeding, compared to gonadal intact and low-fat diet controls.

Dissecting the impact of dietary fiber type on atherosclerosis in mice colonized with different gut microbial communities.

Dietary fiber consumption has been linked with improved cardiometabolic health, however, human studies have reported large interindividual variations in the observed benefits. We tested whether the effects of dietary fiber on atherosclerosis are influenced by the gut microbiome. We colonized germ-free ApoE mice with fecal samples from three human donors (DonA, DonB, and DonC) and fed them diets supplemented with either a mix of 5 fermentable fibers (FF) or non-fermentable cellulose control (CC) diet.

Effects of Adding Lean Red Meat to a U.S.-Style Healthy Vegetarian Dietary Pattern on Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Young Adults: a Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Limited research evidence exists on the effects of red meat on gut microbiota in human adults.

Objective: We aim to assess the effects of consuming a Healthy U.S.

Meat Consumption and Gut Microbiota: a Scoping Review of Literature and Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials in Adults.

Emerging research indicates the importance of gut microbiota in mediating the relationship between meat intake and human health outcomes. We aimed to assess the state of available scientific literature on meat intake and gut microbiota in humans (PROSPERO, International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, CRD42020135649). We first conducted a scoping review to identify observational and interventional studies on this topic.

Gut microbiota and diet matrix modulate the effects of the flavonoid quercetin on atherosclerosis.

Gut bacterial metabolism of dietary flavonoids results in the production of a variety of phenolic acids, whose contributions to health remain poorly understood. Here, we show that supplementation with the commonly consumed flavonoid quercetin impacted gut microbiome composition and resulted in a significant reduction in atherosclerosis burden in conventionally-raised (ConvR) () knockout (KO) mice fed a high-MAC (microbiota-accessible carbohydrates) diet. However, this effect was not observed in animals consuming a defined diet containing low levels of MAC.

Quercetin Increases Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Reduces Free Radicals in Neuronal SH-SY5Y Cells.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that causes dementia and affects millions of people worldwide. The mechanism underlying AD is unclear; however, oxidative stress and mitochondrial biogenesis have been reported to be involved in AD progression. Previous research has also reported the reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis in the brains of patients with AD.

Maximizing the Estrogenic Potential of Soy Isoflavones through the Gut Microbiome: Implication for Cardiometabolic Health in Postmenopausal Women.

Soy isoflavones have been suggested as an alternative treatment for managing postmenopausal symptoms and promoting long-term health due to their structural similarity to mammalian estrogen and ability to bind to estrogen receptors. Among all soy isoflavones and their metabolites, ()-equol is known for having the strongest estrogenic activity. Equol is a metabolite of the soy isoflavone daidzein produced through intestinal bacterial metabolism.

Effects of ketogenic diet on cognitive functions of mice fed high-fat-high-cholesterol diet.

Long-term dietary intake of elevated levels of refined sugars, fats and cholesterols is among the factors causing cognitive impairment. Ketone bodies can be used as an alternative energy source when glucose is not available. The study investigated the effects of a ketogenic diet (medium chain triglyceride, MCT) on cognitive performance after a long-term consumption of a high-fat-high-cholesterol diet using a mice model.

Impact of administration route on nanocarrier biodistribution in a murine colitis model.

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing worldwide. Although current diagnostic and disease monitoring tests for IBD sensitively detect gut inflammation, they lack the molecular and cellular specificity of positron emission tomography (PET). In this proof-of-concept study, we use a radiolabeled macrophage-targeted nanocarrier probe (Cu-NOTA-D500) administered by oral, enema, and intraperitoneal routes to evaluate the delivery route dependence of biodistribution across healthy and diseased tissues in a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis.

Effect of Dietary Inulin Supplementation on the Gut Microbiota Composition and Derived Metabolites of Individuals Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Pilot Study.

Objective: The prebiotic fiber inulin has been studied in individuals undergoing hemodialysis (HD) due to its ability to reduce gut microbiota-derived uremic toxins. However, studies examining the effects of inulin on the gut microbiota and derived metabolites are limited in these patients. We aimed to assess the impact of a 4-week supplementation of inulin on the gut microbiota composition and microbial metabolites of patients on HD.

Gut microbiome variation modulates the effects of dietary fiber on host metabolism.

Background: There is general consensus that consumption of dietary fermentable fiber improves cardiometabolic health, in part by promoting mutualistic microbes and by increasing production of beneficial metabolites in the distal gut. However, human studies have reported variations in the observed benefits among individuals consuming the same fiber. Several factors likely contribute to this variation, including host genetic and gut microbial differences.

Development of a novel model of cholecystectomy in subsequently ovariectomized mice and characterization of metabolic and gastrointestinal phenotypes: a pilot study.

Background: Cholecystectomy (XGB) is the most common abdominal surgery performed in the United States and is associated with an increased post-surgery incidence of metabolic and gastrointestinal (GI) diseases. Two main risk factors for XGB are sex (female) and age (40-50 yr), corresponding with onset of menopause. Post-menopausal estrogen loss alone facilitates metabolic dysfunction, but the effects of XGB on metabolic and GI health have yet to be investigated in this population.

Integrative analysis of DNA, macroscopic remains and stable isotopes of dog coprolites to reconstruct community diet.

Paleofeces or coprolites are often used to reconstruct diet at archaeological sites, usually using macroscopic analyses or targeted DNA amplification and sequencing. Here we present an integrative analysis of dog coprolites, combining macroscopic analyses, stable isotope measurements, and DNA shotgun sequencing to examine diet and health status. Dog coprolites used in this study were recovered from the Janey B.

Graded dietary resistant starch concentrations on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility and fecal fermentative end products and microbial populations of healthy adult dogs.

Resistant starch (RS) is fermentable by gut microbiota and effectively modulates fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations in pigs, mice, and humans. RS may have similar beneficial effects on the canine gut but has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% dietary RS (Hi-maize 260) on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, fecal characteristics, fermentative end-product concentrations, and microbiota of healthy adult dogs.

The Gut Microbiota: A Promising Target in the Relation between Complementary Feeding and Child Undernutrition.

Child undernutrition is a major public health challenge that is persistent and disproportionately prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. Undernourished children face adverse health, economic, and social consequences that can be intergenerational. The first 1000 days of life, from conception until the child's second birthday, constitute the period of greatest vulnerability to undernutrition.

Nanocarriers targeting adipose macrophages increase glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory potency to ameliorate metabolic dysfunction.

Obesity is associated with systemic inflammation due to macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue (AT). AT macrophages are, therefore, a target for therapeutics to modulate inflammation and prevent comorbidities. Because inflammatory processes have pleiotropic effects throughout the body and are intertwined with metabolic axes, systemic anti-inflammatory therapies are often harmful.

Effects of Smoking and Smoking Cessation on the Intestinal Microbiota.

We evaluated associations of smoking heaviness markers and the effects of smoking cessation on the intestinal microbiota and cardiovascular disease risk factors in current smokers undertaking a quit attempt. Participants were current smokers enrolled in a prospective randomized clinical trial of smoking cessation therapies with visits at baseline, 2, and 12 weeks. Genomic DNA was extracted from fecal samples followed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and analysis using the QIIME2 software workflow.

Integrated Label-Free and 10-Plex DiLeu Isobaric Tag Quantitative Methods for Profiling Changes in the Mouse Hypothalamic Neuropeptidome and Proteome: Assessment of the Impact of the Gut Microbiome.

Gut microbiota can regulate host physiological and pathological status through gut-brain communications or pathways. However, the impact of the gut microbiome on neuropeptides and proteins involved in regulating brain functions and behaviors is still not clearly understood. To address the problem, integrated label-free and 10-plex DiLeu isobaric tag-based quantitative methods were implemented to compare the profiling of neuropeptides and proteins in the hypothalamus of germ-free (GF)- vs conventionally raised (ConvR)-mice.

Extraction optimization for combined metabolomics, peptidomics, and proteomics analysis of gut microbiota samples.

Multiomic studies are increasingly performed to gain a deeper understanding of molecular processes occurring in a biological system, such as the complex microbial communities (i.e., microbiota) that reside the distal gut.

An ambient temperature collection and stabilization strategy for canine microbiota studies.

Similar to humans, the fecal microbiome of dogs may be useful in diagnosing diseases or assessing dietary interventions. The accuracy and reproducibility of microbiome data depend on sample integrity, which can be affected by storage methods. Here, we evaluated the ability of a stabilization device to preserve canine fecal samples under various storage conditions simulating shipping in hot or cold climates.

Multimodal Nanocarrier Probes Reveal Superior Biodistribution Quantification by Isotopic Analysis over Fluorescence.

Absolute measurements of biodistribution are essential for understanding and optimizing the function of nanomaterials for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Biodistribution analysis by optical imaging is desirable due to its low cost, wide accessibility, and high-throughput nature, but it is substantially less accurate than isotopic and chemical techniques. In this work, we developed multimodal probes for optical and nuclear imaging to analyze the quantitative limits of optical contrast in the red and near-infrared spectra for polysaccharide nanocarriers targeting macrophage cells.