Mms22-Rtt107 axis attenuates the DNA damage checkpoint and the stability of the Rad9 checkpoint mediator.

The DNA damage checkpoint is a highly conserved signaling pathway induced by genotoxin exposure or endogenous genome stress. It alters many cellular processes such as arresting the cell cycle progression and increasing DNA repair capacities. However, cells can downregulate the checkpoint after prolonged stress exposure to allow continued growth and alternative repair.

The Mms22-Rtt107 axis dampens the DNA damage checkpoint by reducing the stability of the Rad9 checkpoint mediator.

The DNA damage checkpoint is a highly conserved signaling pathway induced by genotoxin exposure or endogenous genome stress. It alters many cellular processes such as arresting the cell cycle progression and increasing DNA repair capacities. However, cells can downregulate the checkpoint after prolonged stress exposure to allow continued growth and alternative repair.

A transposase-derived gene required for human brain development.

DNA transposable elements and transposase-derived genes are present in most living organisms, including vertebrates, but their function is largely unknown. PiggyBac Transposable Element Derived 5 (PGBD5) is an evolutionarily conserved vertebrate DNA transposase-derived gene with retained nuclease activity in human cells. Vertebrate brain development is known to be associated with prominent neuronal cell death and DNA breaks, but their causes and functions are not well understood.

Regulatory Non-Coding RNAs Modulate Transcriptional Activation During B Cell Development.

B cells play a significant role in the adaptive immune response by secreting immunoglobulins that can recognize and neutralize foreign antigens. They develop from hematopoietic stem cells, which also give rise to other types of blood cells, such as monocytes, neutrophils, and T cells, wherein specific transcriptional programs define the commitment and subsequent development of these different cell lineages. A number of transcription factors, such as PU.

BCR Affinity Influences T-B Interactions and B Cell Development in Secondary Lymphoid Organs.

B cells produce high-affinity immunoglobulins (Igs), or antibodies, to eliminate foreign pathogens. Mature, naïve B cells expressing an antigen-specific cell surface Ig, or B cell receptor (BCR), are directed toward either an extrafollicular (EF) or germinal center (GC) response upon antigen binding. B cell interactions with CD4 pre-T follicular helper (pre-Tfh) cells at the T-B border and effector Tfh cells in the B cell follicle and GC control B cell development in response to antigen.