COVID-19 distress, negative parenting, and child behavioral problems: The moderating role of parent adverse childhood experiences.

Background: Heightened familial stress and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic may lead to increased negative parenting practices, particularly for parents with substantial adverse childhood experiences (ACES).

Objective: To determine whether families' COVID-19-related distress is associated with young children's emotional/behavioral functioning via negative parenting, and whether these relationships vary based on parents' ACEs.

Participants And Setting: Participants were 267 parents of children ages 1.