Heterogeneity in Prescription Opioid Misuse Motives by Age in Adolescents and Young Adults in the United States.

Objective: Adolescent (12-17 years) and young adult (18-25 years) prescription opioid misuse (POM) is linked to poor health outcomes. We investigated how POM motives vary across these ages and the potential links between motives and other substance use, mental health, and sociodemographic characteristics to help guide screening and prevention.

Methods: Pooled 2015-2019 US National Survey on Drug Use and Health data were used, with 137,858 participants.

Are the Effects of Poor Survey Measurement of Sexual Identity on Estimated Associations between Sexual Identity and Health-Related Measures Moderated by the State-Level Policy Environment?

Including a "something else" response option for survey questions about sexual identity significantly moderates estimated differences between sexual identity subgroups in terms of behaviors and attitudes reported in U.S. health surveys.

Differences in alcohol-related variables between individuals who engage in food and alcohol disturbance (FAD) behaviors and those who only use alcohol: The role of FAD motives.

Objective: Food and alcohol disturbance (FAD) is the use of any compensatory behavior (e.g., skipping meals) within the context of a drinking episode.

Disaggregating trends in alcohol involvement among Hispanic, Black, and White female and male U.S. adolescents: 2002 to 2019.

Objective: Alcohol involvement is declining among U.S. adolescents, however studies examining population-level trends in alcohol involvement among females and males from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds are scarce.

Does the approach used to measure sexual identity affect estimates of health disparities differently by race? A randomized experiment from the National Survey of Family Growth.

The inclusion of "something else" as a response option for survey questions about sexual identity has been shown to significantly moderate estimated differences between sexual identity subgroups in the distributions of various health outcomes in national health surveys, specifically for substance use/misuse and reproductive health. This moderation effect may be larger depending on the respondent's race, possibly due to the intersectionality of multiple minority identities and compounding minority stressors. To test this hypothesis, we conducted secondary analyses of data from five consecutive years of the National Survey of Family Growth (2015-2019) [n = 18,903 (8510 males, 10,393 females)] in the United States, where respondents were randomly assigned to receive either a four-category version of the sexual identity question that included "something else" as a response option along with lesbian/gay, bisexual, and heterosexual, or a three-category version that omitted "something else.

Adolescents' Use of Medications for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Subsequent Risk of Nonmedical Stimulant Use.

Purpose: This national prospective multicohort study examined the relationship between US adolescents' use of stimulant therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and subsequent risk of nonmedical stimulant use (i.e., nonmedical use of prescription stimulants and cocaine use) during young adulthood, relative to nonstimulant therapy and population controls.

Indirect effects of emotion regulation in the relationship between pain and cannabis use in adults 18-64 years.

Introduction: Individuals with chronic pain often receive prescription opioid medication, and they may use cannabis to treat pain as well, although the risks of cannabis-opioid co-use are significant. This study aimed to investigate whether two transdiagnostic factors, emotion regulation and distress tolerance, had significant indirect effects in the relationship between pain and cannabis use in adults with chronic pain and an opioid prescription.

Methods: Participants (n = 450; mean age = 38.

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Stimulant Therapy and Prescription Drug Misuse During Transition to Young Adulthood.

Objective: Limited prospective data exist about the impact of stimulant therapy for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during adolescence on the risk for later prescription drug misuse (PDM; i.e., of benzodiazepines, opioids, and stimulants).

Is Early Onset of Nonmedical Prescription Stimulant Use Associated With Cocaine Use During Adolescence? Results From a National Study.

Background: To examine the associations between early onset of nonmedical prescription stimulant use (NPSU) and cocaine use.

Methods: Nationally representative samples of high school seniors were surveyed annually. Data were collected via self-administered questionnaires in nationally representative public and private schools in the United States (1976-2020) as part of the Monitoring the Future Study.

How a "Something Else" Response Option for Sexual Identity Affects National Survey Estimates of Associations Between Sexual Identity, Reproductive Health, and Substance Use.

This randomized experiment tested whether the inclusion of a "something else" response option for a question about sexual identity in a national health survey would significantly moderate estimated differences between sexual identity subgroups in terms of various health outcomes, including substance use and reproductive health. We conducted secondary analyses of data from five consecutive years of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG; 2015-2019), where two large national half-samples were randomly assigned to receive one of two different versions of a question about sexual identity (a four-category version that included a "something else" response option or a three-category version omitting this option). We focused on national estimates of differences between subgroups defined by sexual identity.

Prescription Drug Misuse with Alcohol Coingestion among US Adolescents: Youth Experiences, Health-related Factors, and Other Substance Use Behaviors.

Background: While alcohol use and prescription drug misuse (PDM) are common among adolescents, there is relatively little research on coingestion. This is disquieting as polysubstance use has become a major contributing factor in drug overdose deaths among young people in the United States.

Methods: The current research uses multiple years of data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015-2019) to assess characteristics associated with coingestion among adolescents aged 12 to 17 years ( N = 57,352).

Cocaine or Methamphetamine Use During Young Adulthood Following Stimulant Use for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder During Adolescence.

Importance: The prescribing of stimulant medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has increased in the US. Prescription stimulants are one of the most commonly misused controlled substances during adolescence. Despite a 10-fold increase in stimulant-related overdose deaths in the past decade, the transitions from prescription stimulants to illicit stimulants (eg, cocaine, methamphetamine) remain relatively unknown in longitudinal population-based studies.

Posttraumatic stress disorder in diverse populations: Testing for assessment bias in a nationally representative sample.

Objective: A growing body of research has emerged to characterize differences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom presentations in individuals from diverse racial and ethnic groups. However, less research has examined if these observed differences can be attributed to bias within PTSD assessments. Knowledge about potential bias in PTSD assessment is essential for interpreting group differences.

Transitions in Prescription Benzodiazepine Use and Misuse and in Substance Use Disorder Symptoms Through Age 50.

Objective: Prescription benzodiazepines are among the most commonly used and misused controlled medications. The authors aimed to examine transitions from medical use of prescription benzodiazepines to prescription benzodiazepine misuse, prescription opioid misuse, and substance use disorder symptoms during adulthood.

Methods: Eleven national cohorts of U.

Prescription Opioid Misuse in Older Adult Surgical Patients: Epidemiology, Prevention, and Clinical Implications.

The United States and many other developed nations are in the midst of an opioid crisis, with consequent pressure on prescribers to limit opioid prescribing and reduce prescription opioid misuse. This review addresses prescription opioid misuse for older adult surgical populations. We outline the epidemiology and risk factors for persistent opioid use and misuse in older adults undergoing surgery.

Prescription Stimulant Medical and Nonmedical Use Among US Secondary School Students, 2005 to 2020.

Importance: Recent information on the prevalence of prescription stimulant therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NUPS) at the school-level among US secondary school students is limited.

Objective: To investigate the school-level prevalence of and association between stimulant therapy for ADHD and NUPS among US secondary school students.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cross-sectional study used survey data collected between 2005 and 2020 as part of the Monitoring the Future study (data collected annually via self-administered survey in schools from independent cohorts).

Is age of onset and duration of stimulant therapy for ADHD associated with cocaine, methamphetamine, and prescription stimulant misuse?

Background: To assess whether age of onset and duration of stimulant therapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with cocaine, methamphetamine, and prescription stimulant misuse during adolescence.

Methods: Nationally representative samples of US 10th and 12th grade students (N = 150,395) from the Monitoring the Future study were surveyed via self-administered questionnaires from 16 annual surveys (2005-2020).

Results: An estimated 8.

Type of medication therapy for ADHD and stimulant misuse during adolescence: a cross-sectional multi-cohort national study.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with higher substance use rates. Stimulant and non-stimulant pharmacotherapy improve adolescent ADHD, but their associations with prescription stimulant misuse (PSM), cocaine, and methamphetamine use are unclear. Using 2005-2020 US Monitoring the Future data, we investigated relationships between ADHD pharmacotherapy history and PSM, cocaine, or methamphetamine use.

Sources for prescription stimulant misuse: A person-centered approach to understanding links to substance use and psychiatric impairment.

Prescription stimulant misuse (PSM) is most prevalent among college students and is associated with numerous negative academic and psychosocial outcomes. A large body of literature has identified predictors of PSM in this population, however few studies have utilized a person-centered approach to examine how the sources from which students procure prescription stimulants are associated with substance-related and psychiatric impairment. We used latent class analysis (LCA) to classify a geographically and racially/ethnically diverse sample of U.

Types of criminal legal system exposure and polysubstance use: Prevalence and correlates among U.S. adults in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015-2019.

Introduction: Criminal legal system (CLS) exposed adults experience higher rates of substance use, substance use disorder (SUD), and overdose. As most CLS exposed adults are not incarcerated, it is important to focus on CLS exposure across the carceral continuum.

Methods: This research used pooled data from adult respondents (N = 206,314) in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2015-2019).

Family history of substance use disorder and likelihood of prescription drug misuse in adults 50 and older.

Objective: Individuals who are family history positive (FHP) for substance use problems have increased risk for substance use, substance use disorders (SUDs), and psychopathology. Links between FHP status and prescription drug misuse (PDM) have not been well investigated; this study examined PDM in adults 50 and older by FHP status.

Methods: Data were from the US NESARC-III ( = 14,667).