Olecranon Fracture through Persistent Olecranon Apophysis in a 21-Year-Old Male: A Case Report and Systematic Review of the Literature.

Traumatic fractures involving an ununited olecranon apophysis in adults have been rarely documented in the literature. We present the case of a 21-year-old male wrestler with an elbow injury after a fall. Imaging revealed an acute fracture of the olecranon with sclerotic rounded edges indicating an injury through a persistent olecranon apophysis.

Impact of Variation of Corticosteroid Dose, Injection Site, and Multiple Injections on Blood Glucose Measurement in Diabetic Patients.

Purpose: This study examined how corticosteroid dose, injection site location, and patient demographics affect blood glucose level after corticosteroid injection in diabetic patients.

Methods: We prospectively enrolled 70 patients with diabetes mellitus requiring upper- and/or lower-extremity corticosteroid injections. Patients measured fasting and postprandial blood glucose for 14 days after the injection.

Arthroscopic Partial Trapeziectomy With Soft Tissue Interposition for Symptomatic Trapeziometacarpal Arthritis: 6-Month and 5-Year Minimum Follow-Up.

Purpose: To determine if arthroscopic partial trapeziectomy (APT) and soft tissue interposition arthroplasty is an effective treatment for symptomatic trapeziometacarpal arthritis.

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 30 consecutive patients with symptomatic isolated trapeziometacarpal arthritis, Eaton-Littler stages II and III. Treatment consisted of an APT with soft tissue interposition utilizing an acellular dermal matrix as the interposition material.

Developmental Trigger Thumb.

Developmental trigger thumb, although uncommon, can be easily identifiable in the pediatric outpatient visit. Patients often present with their thumb locked in flexion and a firm nodule at the base of the thumb. The thumb is usually passively correctable and nonpainful.

Identification of SEC61β and its autoantibody as biomarkers for colorectal cancer.

Background: To identify novel serological biomarkers for human colorectal cancer (CRC), we analyzed CRC tissues using gel-assisted digestion and isobaric tags with related and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) labeling mass spectrometry (MS). By comparing pairs of tumor tissues and matched normal tissues, we discovered the SEC61β with expression changes 3.3-fold and a marginal statistical significance (p=0.

Luminescent silver metal chains with unusual mu4-bonded 2,2'-bipyrazine.

An unusual mu4-bridging bonding mode of 2,2'-bipyrazine is observed for the first time in a luminescent coordination polymer [Ag2(bpyz)(NO3)2]n, which comprises of silver chains with alternating strong and weak Ag...

Induction of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in murine eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. In the present study, a gelatinase was found to be induced in parasitic meningitis caused, in mice, by Angiostrongylus cantonensis. The enzyme had a molecular weight of about 94 kDa, showed maximal activity between pH 6 and pH 8, and was clearly inhibited by EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline but not by leupeptin or phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride.

Specific in vitro association between the hepatitis C viral genome and core protein.

Little is known about the molecular interactions required for hepatitis C virion assembly. The 5' noncoding region (5'NCR) of the RNA genome is highly conserved and has extensive secondary structure. The highly basic core protein is rich in arginine and lysine residues.

Presence of viral replicative intermediates in the liver and serum of patients infected with hepatitis C virus.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-polarity, single-stranded RNA virus, distantly related to the pestivirus and flavivirus genera. These viruses replicate through the formation of a minus-strand RNA intermediate, which encodes the positive-strand genome, which is subsequently encapsidated, enveloped, and released from infected cells. Minus-strand RNA is not found in the mature, circulating virions of flaviviruses.

Activation of protooncogene c-jun by the X protein of hepatitis B virus.

A specific viral oncogenic mechanism has not been shown for hepatitis B virus (HBV), although persistent HBV infection has been strongly associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Most HCCs in HBV carriers contain integrated viral sequences in host DNA and this raises the question of whether such integrations ever contribute to oncogenesis. HBV does contain a gene (designated the hbx gene) which encodes a transcriptional trans-activator protein capable of activating homologous and heterologous regulatory sequences.

Transcriptional activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat by hepatitis B virus X-protein requires de novo protein synthesis.

Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) X-gene, previously shown to be capable of trans-activating heterologous regulatory elements of the human beta-interferon gene, the human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR), the simian virus 40 (SV40), and HBV, has the capacity to code for a 17-kDa polypeptide (designated pX17). We now report that pX17 synthesized in Escherichia coli can activate transcription controlled by the HIV-1 LTR using a protoplast fusion technique. Protoplasts of E.

Hepatitis B virus X gene activates kappa B-like enhancer sequences in the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus 1.

The role of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) X gene during virus infection has not been defined. We previously showed that expression of the HBV X gene in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 trans-activates chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene expression under control of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat and we have now identified a specific sequence in the HIV-1 long terminal repeat that is responsive to the HBV X gene. Plasmid constructs with the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene regulated by an isolated and twice-repeated 12-base-pair HIV-1 enhancer sequence homologous to the nucleotide sequence that binds the nuclear transcription factor NF-kappa B (the HIV-1 kappa B-like sequence) were trans-activated by the HBV X gene in HepG2 cells, indicating that the kappa B-like enhancer sequence in the HIV-1 long terminal repeat is responsive to the X gene.

Transcription of the human beta interferon gene is inhibited by hepatitis B virus.

The manner by which the trans-acting factor encoded by the 1,828-base-pair (bp) BamHI DNA fragment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) suppresses the production of human beta interferon was determined. Steady-state levels of RNA specific for human beta interferon were decreased in cells that contained the 1,828-bp BamHI DNA fragment of HBV. The reduced accumulation of interferon-specific RNA was due to an inhibition of transcription of the interferon gene by the HBV trans-acting moiety.

Identification of a region within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat that is essential for transactivation by the hepatitis B virus gene X.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X-gene product activates transcription of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene under control of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR). To identify a cis-acting regulatory sequence within the HIV-1 LTR which is responsive to the HBV X-gene trans-activating function, we examined the effects of HBV X-gene expression in cells with a series of LTR/CAT deletion mutants. A region of the HIV-1 LTR containing the previously identified kappa B-like enhancer element was found to be responsive to HBV X-gene activation, and this effect was independent of, and additive with, the effect of the HIV-1 tat-III protein on CAT expression.

Hepatitis B virus X gene can transactivate heterologous viral sequences.

The smallest open reading frame of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been designated the X gene and its biological function during HBV infection and replication is not known. Experiments described here demonstrate that expression of the HBV X gene in HepG2 cells containing a plasmid with the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene under control of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR) sequence leads to a marked increase in CAT gene transcription as well as expression of the gene product (CAT). The HIV-1 tatIII gene and the HBV X gene together increased HIV-1 LTR-regulated CAT expression above that observed with either gene alone, suggesting a synergistic effect of the X gene and tat.

Hepatitis B virus suppresses expression of human beta-interferon.

To determine whether hepatitis B virus (HBV) regulates the expression of the human beta-interferon gene, a series of recombinant bovine papilloma virus plasmids containing the human interferon gene and various fragments of the HBV genome were constructed and used to transform C127 cells, a murine fibroblast line. Analysis of the DNA from transformed C127 cells indicated that the interferon gene was intact and that the plasmids replicated as stable multicopy elements. The 1828-base-pair BamHI HBV DNA fragment containing the core antigen gene, but not the 2755-base-pair Bgl II HBV DNA fragment encoding both the surface antigen and the X antigen, suppressed the production of human beta-interferon.

Transcriptional trans-activating function of hepatitis B virus.

The ability of hepatitis B virus (HBV) to stimulate the expression of a cellular gene was investigated by using a transient-expression system. A plasmid in which the expression of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene had been placed under the control of the DNA sequences that regulate the expression of the human beta-interferon gene was constructed. In Vero cells, cotransfection of the 2.

Modulation of lymphocyte motility by macrophages.

Motility of lymphocytes plays a significant role in their functions. Because macrophages frequently associate with lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues and inflammatory sites, they are likely to be important in regulating lymphocyte motility. In this study, we identified a chemokinetic activity in macrophage culture supernatants.

Aging and lymphocyte cytoskeleton: age-related decline in the state of actin polymerization in T lymphocytes from Fischer F344 rats.

T cell functions are known to decline with age, but the underlying cause of the decline is unclear. Because of the importance of cytoskeletal elements in cellular functions, we examined the content and the state of polymerization of actin in lymphocytes from Fischer F344 rats of four different ages (6, 14, 23, and 31 mo). The cellular actin content was determined by a DNAase I inhibition assay.

Analysis of Tn3 sequences required for transposition and immunity.

Tn3 is a 5-kb transposon (Tn) with 38-bp inverted terminal repeats (ITR). The two 38-bp terminal sequences are required in cis for Tn3 transposition. In this study, the role of the ITR in Tn3 transposition has been further dissected by the use of various mini-Tn3 Tn's.

A role for hepatic lipase in chylomicron and high density lipoprotein phospholipid metabolism.

The rate of removal of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine from the plasma of rats treated with antiserum to hepatic lipase was measured. The hepatic lipase antiserum was injected intravenously into animals prior to injection of 32P-labeled chylomicrons or 32P-labeled high density lipoproteins. In experiments in which 32P-labeled chylomicrons were injected, antiserum treatment inhibited removal of [32P]phosphatidylethanolamine from chylomicrons, and the unlabeled serum phosphatidylethanolamine levels increased 2-2.

Hepatic lipase. Purification and characterization.

Hepatic lipase has been purified to homogeneity from rat liver homogenates. The purified enzyme exhibits a single band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular size of the native hepatic lipase is 200 000, while on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the apparent minimum molecular weight of the enzyme is 53 000, suggesting that the active enzyme is composed of four subunits.

Mechanism of the age-related decline in lymphocyte proliferation: role of IL-2 production and protein synthesis.

Although an age-related decline in mitogen-induced proliferation in spleen lymphocytes has been reported by numerous investigators, the molecular mechanism responsible is unknown. In this study, we compared the mitogen-induced proliferation, IL-2 production, and protein synthesis in spleen lymphocytes isolated from 4, 12, 20, and 30 month-old male Fischer F344 rats. IL-2 production by Con A-stimulated lymphocytes, as determined by the ability of the culture supernatants to support the growth of cultured T cells, declined over 72% between 4 and 30 months of age.

Lipoprotein lipase activity of adult rat cardiocytes.

Cardiocytes were prepared by enzymatic dissociation of adult rat ventricular tissue, and comparative studies on lipoprotein lipase activity were conducted on fresh homogenates and acetone powders of these cells. Lipolytic activity in fresh homogenates was largely dependent on addition of serum activator to the assay, and the activity was sensitive to 1 M NaCl. Lipoprotein lipase activity was maximized in acetone powder preparations of cardiocytes.