Heterogeneity and Genomic Plasticity of Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter nosocomialis Isolates Recovered from Clinical Samples in India.

Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter nosocomialis are the imperious pathogens in the intensive care units. We aimed to explore the genomic features of these pathogens to understand the factors influencing their plasticity. Using next-generation sequencing, two carbapenem-resistant A.

Comparative fitness trade-offs associated with azole resistance in clinical isolates.

Multidrug-resistant yeast is a serious threat to public health with documented survival in various hospital niches. The dynamics of this survival benefit and its trade off with drug resistance are still unknown for this pathogen. In this study we investigate the oxidative stress response (OSR) in fluconazole-resistant and compare its relative fitness with fluconazole-susceptible strains.

Fusarium Keratitis From a Comprehensive Eye Health Care Facility in South India: Molecular Characterization by MALDI-TOF Versus Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequencing, Species Complex Distribution, and Clinical Correlation.

Purpose: Fusarium keratitis possesses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Medically relevant Fusaria belong to various species complexes and show prominent differences in their antifungal susceptibility profile which may influence the clinical outcome. Rapid diagnostic methods are warranted for precise identification of species complexes for prompt initiation of correct antifungals.

Hyponatremia in Melioidosis: Analysis of 10-year Data from a Hospital-Based Registry.

Introduction: Hyponatremia is a frequent finding in hospitalized patients and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. While hyponatremia is known to commonly occur in certain infections, its association with melioidosis has not been studied previously. We studied incidence and impact of hyponatremia on clinical outcomes in melioidosis.

Environmental Factors Associated With Soil Prevalence of the Melioidosis Pathogen : A Longitudinal Seasonal Study From South West India.

Melioidosis is a seasonal infectious disease in tropical and subtropical areas caused by the soil bacterium In many parts of the world, including South West India, most cases of human infections are reported during times of heavy rainfall, but the underlying causes of this phenomenon are not fully understood. India is among the countries with the highest predicted melioidosis burden globally, but there is very little information on the environmental distribution of and its determining factors. The present study aimed (i) to investigate the prevalence of in soil in South West India, (ii) determine geochemical factors associated with presence and (iii) look for potential seasonal patterns of soil abundance.

Burkholderia pseudomallei in Environment of Adolescent Siblings with Melioidosis, Kerala, India, 2019.

In 2019, Burkholderia pseudomallei was isolated from the backyard of 2 siblings with melioidosis in Kerala, India. This finding highlights the value of healthcare providers being aware of risk for melioidosis in febrile patients, of residents taking precautions when outside, and of increasing environmental surveillance for B. pseudomallei in this region.

Epidemiology of sepsis and risk factors for mortality in intensive care unit: a hospital based prospective study in South India.

Objective: The present study was aimed at elucidating the epidemiology of sepsis, with a special emphasis on identifying the common bacterial aetiology, proportion of infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria, and risk factors associated with 28-day mortality at a university hospital in South India.

Methods: A prospective study was undertaken from January 2017 to March 2018. Adult patients with the diagnosis of sepsis requiring intensive care unit (ICU) care were recruited.

Acute kidney injury and its outcomes in melioidosis.

Background: Melioidosis is a potentially fatal tropical infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. Kidney involvement is possible, but has not been well described.

Aim: This study aimed to assess the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) and its outcomes in melioidosis.

Epidemiology, resistance characteristics, virulence determinants, and treatment outcomes of bone and joint infections: a one-year prospective study at a tertiary care hospital in India.

Purpose: The study was aimed to explore the differences between the osteosynthesis-associated infection (OAI) and non-implant related infections (NIRI) in terms of epidemiology, resistance characteristics, virulence determinants, treatment, risk factors, and outcome.

Methods: A prospective study was conducted from 2018 through 2019. The phenotypic and genotypic characterization of , risk factors, treatment, and outcome were compared.

Melioidosis in Gujarat: a neglected tropical disease.

We report what we believe is the first case in Gujarat of melioidosis in a 67-year-old man. Awareness of this disease is limited, especially in areas supposed not to be endemic.

Melioidosis In Suspected Recurrent Tuberculosis: A disease in disguise.

Introduction: Melioidosis, caused by the soil saprophyte B. pseudomallei, is a 'neglected' infectious disease in many Asian countries. It remained undiagnosed or misdiagnosed in India for long due to a lack of awareness and facilities to diagnose the disease; however, it is slowly gaining the status of an emerging disease recently.

Implications of environmental and pathogen-specific determinants on clinical presentations and disease outcome in melioidosis patients.

Background: Melioidosis is gaining recognition as an emerging infectious disease with diverse clinical manifestations and high-case fatality rates worldwide. However, the molecular epidemiology of the disease outside the endemic regions such as northeast part of Thailand and northern Australia remains unclear.

Methodology/principal Findings: Clinical data and B.

Disseminated Nocardia asiatica infection in an immunocompromised individual: A rare entity needs careful vigilance.

Nocardia asteroides complex and Nocardia brasiliensis are common etiological agents of disseminated nocardiosis among immunocompromised individuals. Here we reported an uncommon case of disseminated nocardiosis with the involvement of lung, brain, soft tissue & pancreas by a rarely isolated species Nocardia asiatica in a HIV infected individual. Diagnosis was initially misinterpreted as tuberculosis based on the clinical and radiological findings.

Fatal meningitis with negative cryptococcal antigen test in a HIV-non-infected patient.

Cryptococcus gattii predominantly causes central nervous system and pulmonary infection in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients with substantial morbidity. We report a case of rapidly fatal meningitis by C. gattii in an HIV-non-infected man with CD4 lymphopenia who tested negative for cryptococcal antigen.

Molecular analysis of clinical Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates from southwestern coastal region of India, using multi-locus sequence typing.

Background: The Gram-negative soil dwelling bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiological agent of melioidosis. The disease is endemic in most parts of Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Over last few years, there has been an increase in number of melioidosis cases from India; however the disease epidemiology is less clearly understood.

Melioidosis in South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Afghanistan).

Despite the fact that South Asia is predicted to have the highest number of cases worldwide, melioidosis is a little-known entity in South Asian countries. It has never been heard of by the majority of doctors and has as yet failed to gain the attention of national Ministries of Health and country offices of the World Health Organization (WHO). Although a few centers are diagnosing increasing numbers of cases, and the mortality documented from these institutions is relatively high (nearly 20%), the true burden of the disease remains unknown.

Does the size matter? Evaluation of effect of incorporation of silver nanoparticles of varying particle size on the antimicrobial activity and properties of irreversible hydrocolloid impression material.

Objectives: The main objective of the present in vitro study is to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and properties of irreversible hydrocolloid impression material incorporated with silver nanoparticles of varying size at different concentrations.

Methods: Silver nanoparticles of 80-100, 50-80, 30-50 and 10-20nm size were added to irreversible hydrocolloid impression material at 0.5, 1.

Performance evaluation of Active Melioidosis Detect-Lateral Flow Assay (AMD-LFA) for diagnosis of melioidosis in endemic settings with limited resources.

Melioidosis is a fatal infection caused by the soil saprophyte Burkholderia pseudomallei. Early diagnosis and befitting medical management can significantly influence the clinical outcomes among patients with melioidosis. Witnessing an annual increment in the number of melioidosis cases, over the past few years, mainly from the developing tropical nations, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic utility of Active Melioidosis DetectTMLateralFlow Assay (AMD-LFA), in comparison with enrichment culture and PCR.

Melioidosis: the great mimicker presenting as spondylodiscitis.

Melioidosis, a syndrome with protean clinical manifestations, is caused by Gram-negative soil saprophyte Among its diverse clinical presentations, the involvement of spine is a rare phenomenon and can mimic tuberculosis on presentation. A 65-year-old female with a known case of diabetes presented with fever with lower back pain. Blood culture grew , and as per sensitivity report, clindamycin and cefazolin were started.

Melioidosis: Reinfection going incognito as relapse.

Melioidosis has recently gained importance as an emerging disease in India. Recurrent melioidosis has been reported from different parts of the world and can be due to relapse or reinfection. Distinction between relapse and reinfection is important for epidemiology, investigation and management.

Improved detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei from non-blood clinical specimens using enrichment culture and PCR: narrowing diagnostic gap in resource-constrained settings.

Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic utility of enrichment culture and PCR for improved case detection rates of non-bacteraemic form of melioidosis in limited resource settings.

Methods: Clinical specimens (n = 525) obtained from patients presenting at a tertiary care hospital of South India with clinical symptoms suggestive of community-acquired pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infections, superficial or internal abscesses, chronic skin ulcers and bone or joint infections were tested for the presence of Burkholderia pseudomallei using conventional culture (CC), enrichment culture (EC) and PCR. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of CC and PCR were initially deduced using EC as the gold standard method.

Unravelling the Molecular Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity among Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates from South India Using Multi-Locus Sequence Typing.

There is a slow but steady rise in the case detection rates of melioidosis from various parts of the Indian sub-continent in the past two decades. However, the epidemiology of the disease in India and the surrounding South Asian countries remains far from well elucidated. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) is a useful epidemiological tool to study the genetic relatedness of bacterial isolates both with-in and across the countries.

Genome Sequence of a Burkholderia pseudomallei Clinical Isolate from a Patient with Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Septicemia.

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of Burkholderia pseudomallei CM_Manipal, the causative agent of melioidosis isolated from a diabetic patient in Manipal, southern India. The draft genome consists of 107 contigs and is 7,209,157 bp long. A total of 5,600 coding sequences (CDSs), 60 tRNAs, 12 rRNAs, and one noncoding RNA (ncRNA) were predicted from this assembly.

Antifungal susceptibility patterns, in vitro production of virulence factors, and evaluation of diagnostic modalities for the speciation of pathogenic Candida from blood stream infections and vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Candida spp. have emerged as successful pathogens in both invasive and mucosal infections. Varied virulence factors and growing resistance to antifungal agents have contributed to their pathogenicity.