Evaluation of the Impact of Advanced Glycation End-Products on Peripheral Neuropathy Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes.

: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) affects over 500 million people worldwide, and over 50% of this group experience the most common complication, diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). The presence of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) has been linked with the development of DPN. The present study assessed AGE levels in participants with type 2 diabetes and explored the hypothesis that there may be increased AGE levels in more severe DPN.

Impact of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on axonal function in diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) affects approximately half of the 500 million people with type 2 diabetes worldwide. Previous studies have suggested that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors in the peripheral nervous system may be a suitable target for DPN treatment. Fourteen participants were consecutively recruited after being prescribed either semaglutide or dulaglutide as part of standard clinical care for type 2 diabetes.

Effect of Metformin on Peripheral Nerve Morphology in Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) affects ∼50% of the 500 million people with type 2 diabetes worldwide and is considered disabling and irreversible. The current study was undertaken to assess the effect of metformin on peripheral neuropathy outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Participants with type 2 diabetes (n = 69) receiving metformin were recruited and underwent clinical assessment, peripheral nerve ultrasonography, nerve conduction studies, and axonal excitability studies.

Progression of axonal excitability abnormalities with increasing clinical severity of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Objective: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a frequent complication for persons with type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have failed to demonstrate any significant impact of treatment for DPN. The present study assessed the role of axonal ion channel dysfunction in DPN and explored the hypothesis that there may be a progressive change in ion channel abnormalities that varied with disease stage.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists reverse nerve morphological abnormalities in diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Aims/hypothesis: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a highly prevalent cause of physical disability. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are used to treat type 2 diabetes and animal studies have shown that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors are present in the central and peripheral nervous systems. This study investigated whether GLP-1 RAs can improve nerve structure.

Diagnostic accuracy of nerve ultrasonography for the detection of peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes.

Background And Purpose: Nerve conduction studies (NCS) are the current objective measure for diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes but do not assess nerve structure. This study investigated the utility of peripheral nerve ultrasound as a marker of the presence and severity of peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes.

Methods: A total of 156 patients were recruited, and nerve ultrasound was undertaken on distal tibial and distal median nerves.

Automated analysis of corneal nerve tortuosity in diabetes: implications for neuropathy detection.

Clinical Relevance: There is potential benefit in analysing corneal nerve tortuosity as a marker for assessment and progression of systemic diabetic neuropathy.

Background: The aim of this work was to determine whether tortuosity significantly differs in participants with type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) diabetes compared to controls and whether tortuosity differed according to neuropathy status.

Methods: Corneal nerves of 164 participants were assessed across T1DM, T2DM and control groups.

Peripheral nerve morphology and intraneural blood flow in chronic kidney disease with and without diabetes.

Introduction/aims: Sonographic alterations of peripheral nerves in pre-dialytic kidney disease are yet to be determined. We aimed to assess peripheral nerve cross-sectional area (CSA) and intraneural blood flow in patients with pre-dialytic chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetic kidney disease (DKD).

Methods: Subjects with CKD (n = 20) or DKD (n = 20) underwent ultrasound to assess CSA of the median and tibial nerves as well as intraneural blood flow of the median nerve.

Effect of exenatide on peripheral nerve excitability in type 2 diabetes.

Objective: To assess the effect of exenatide (a GLP-1 receptor agonist), dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors, and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors on measures of peripheral nerve excitability in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: Patients receiving either exenatide (n = 32), a DPP-IV inhibitor (n = 31), or a SGLT-2 inhibitor (n = 27) underwent motor nerve excitability assessments. Groups were similar in age, sex, HbA, diabetes duration, lipids, and neuropathy severity.

Impact of the metabolic syndrome on peripheral nerve structure and function in type 2 diabetes.

Background And Purpose: There is a strong association between the metabolic syndrome in diabetes and the development of peripheral neuropathy; however, the pathophysiological mechanisms remain unknown.

Methods: Participants with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome (T2DM/MetS, n = 89) and type 2 diabetes alone (T2DM; n = 59) underwent median nerve ultrasound and excitability studies to assess peripheral nerve structure and function. A subset of T2DM/MetS (n = 24) and T2DM (n = 22) participants underwent confocal microscopy to assess central and inferior whorl corneal nerve structure.

Peripheral neuropathy: an important contributor to physical limitation and morbidity in stages 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease.

Background: Impaired physical function drives adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Peripheral neuropathy is highly prevalent in CKD, though its contribution to physical function in CKD patients is unknown. This study examined the relationships between peripheral neuropathy, walking speed and quality of life (QoL) in stages 3 and 4 CKD.

Evidence of Altered Peripheral Nerve Function in a Rodent Model of Diet-Induced Prediabetes.

Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a debilitating complication of diabetes that affects >50% of patients. Recent evidence suggests that obesity and metabolic disease, which often precede diabetes diagnosis, may influence PN onset and severity. We examined this in a translationally relevant model of prediabetes induced by a cafeteria (CAF) diet in Sprague-Dawley rats ( = 15 CAF versus = 15 control).

Motor unit number estimation of facial muscles using the M Scan-Fit method.

Introduction: M Scan-Fit, an automated method for motor unit number estimation (MUNE), was assessed in muscles innervated by the facial nerve.

Methods: Healthy volunteers were recruited. M Scans were recorded twice from nasalis and depressor anguli oris (DAO) muscles, and then fitted to a probabilistic model.

A Comparative Study on the Diagnostic Utility of Corneal Confocal Microscopy and Tear Neuromediator Levels in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy.

Aims: To determine the utility of corneal confocal microscopy and tear neuromediator analysis in the diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) as a result of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Methods: Seventy individuals with either type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes (T1D/T2D) underwent corneal confocal microscopy to assess the corneal nerve morphology. The concentration of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in tears was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Altered peripheral nerve structure and function in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults.

Aim: The present study was undertaken to investigate mechanisms of peripheral nerve dysfunction in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA).

Materials And Methods: Participants with LADA (n = 15) underwent median nerve ultrasonography and nerve excitability to examine axonal structure and function, in comparison to cohorts of type 1 diabetes (n = 15), type 2 diabetes (n = 23) and healthy controls (n = 26). The LADA group was matched for diabetes duration, glycaemic control, and neuropathy severity with the type 1 and type 2 diabetes groups.

Corneal nerve fiber loss in diabetes with chronic kidney disease.

Aims: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in type 2 diabetes typically manifest with severe peripheral neuropathy. Corneal confocal microscopy is a novel technique that may serve as a marker of nerve injury in peripheral neuropathy. This study examines the changes that occur in corneal nerve morphology as a result of peripheral neuropathy due to renal dysfunction in people with type 2 diabetes.

Association of corneal nerve loss with markers of axonal ion channel dysfunction in type 1 diabetes.

Objective: Corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) has been identified as a non-invasive technique to assess corneal nerve fiber morphology. It is not known how corneal nerve changes relate to measures of peripheral nerve function in diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). The present study investigates the relationship between nerve structure and function in DPN.

Relative contributions of diabetes and chronic kidney disease to neuropathy development in diabetic nephropathy patients.

Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) caused by diabetes is known as diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The present study aimed to examine the underlying mechanisms of axonal dysfunction and features of neuropathy in DKD compared to CKD and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) alone.

Methods: Patients with DKD (n = 30), CKD (n = 28) or T2DM (n = 40) and healthy controls (n = 41) underwent nerve excitability assessments to examine axonal function.

The Effect of Age, Gender and Body Mass Index on Tear Film Neuromediators and Corneal Nerves.

: To evaluate the effect of age, gender and body mass index (BMI) on the levels of tear film neuromediators and corneal nerve parameters in healthy individuals.: Twenty-six healthy subjects were screened for any neurological deficits. The concentration of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in tears was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Tear film substance P: A potential biomarker for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Objective: To explore the changes that occur in the concentrations of substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in tears as a result of corneal denervation and its association with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN).

Methods: Sixty-three individuals with type 1 diabetes/type 2 diabetes (T1D/T2D) and 34 age-matched healthy controls underwent a detailed assessment of neuropathy using the Total Neuropathy Score (TNS). The concentration of SP and CGRP in tears was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Correlation between markers of peripheral nerve function and structure in type 1 diabetes.

Background: Clinical and experimental studies in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes have demonstrated changes in ion channel function and nerve structure. In this study, we investigated the relationship between axonal dysfunction and morphological change in diabetic polyneuropathy by using neuromuscular ultrasound and nerve excitability techniques. We also explored possible differences in this relationship between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

The utility of the Total Neuropathy Score as an instrument to assess neuropathy severity in chronic kidney disease: A validation study.

Objective: To demonstrate construct validity of the Total Neuropathy Score (TNS) in assessing peripheral neuropathy in subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods: 113 subjects with CKD and 40 matched controls were assessed for peripheral neuropathy using the TNS. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted and internal consistency of the scale was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha.

Neurological complications in chronic kidney disease.

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are frequently afflicted with neurological complications. These complications can potentially affect both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Common neurological complications in CKD include stroke, cognitive dysfunction, encephalopathy, peripheral and autonomic neuropathies.