Knowledge and practices related to antibiotics among poultry producers and veterinarians in two Indian states.

Background: Antibiotics are frequently utilized in livestock, particularly poultry, for therapy and growth promotion, resulting in antimicrobial resistance. Multidrug-resistant bacteria are frequent in poultry samples from India. The purpose of this study was to better understand main antibiotic consumption patterns in poultry value chains, as well as antibiotic knowledge and practices among the stakeholders.

Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci from the Dairy Value Chain in Two Indian States.

Bovine milk and milk products may contain pathogens, antimicrobial resistant bacteria, and antibiotic residues that could harm consumers. We analyzed 282 gram-positive isolates from milk samples from dairy farmers and vendors in Haryana and Assam, India, to assess the prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococci using microbiological tests, antibiotic susceptibility testing, and genotyping by PCR. The prevalence of genotypic methicillin resistance in isolates from raw milk samples was 5% [95% confidence interval, CI (3-8)], with 7% [CI (3-10)] in Haryana, in contrast to 2% [CI (0.

Comparing the Effectiveness of Different Approaches to Raise Awareness About Antimicrobial Resistance in Farmers and Veterinarians of India.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the animal health sector contributes to increasing rates of AMR and studies involving dairy farmers in India have found knowledge levels regarding antibiotics and AMR to be very low. The purpose of this study was to assess different methods to raise awareness and knowledge about AMR and antibiotic use among dairy farmers, paravets (veterinary assistants), and veterinarians.

Assessment of effectiveness of Japanese encephalitis vaccination in West Bengal, India using sample positivity rate as an alternate measure.

Background & Objectives: Japanese encephalitis (JE), is a vaccine preventable mosquito borne arboviral disease. The State Health Department of West Bengal, India started a vaccination programme using live attenuated, single dose JE vaccine (SA-14-14-2) in children aged 1-below15 years since 2006 in five districts. The objectives were to compare Sample Positivity Rates (SPR) of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) cases for JE between vaccinated & unvaccinated districts and observe trend of SPR & Cumulative Incidence in vaccinated districts for three years.

Understanding Antibiotic Usage on Small-Scale Dairy Farms in the Indian States of Assam and Haryana Using a Mixed-Methods Approach-Outcomes and Challenges.

The use and misuse of antibiotics in both humans and animals contributes to the global emergence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria, a threat to public health and infection control. Currently, India is the world's leading milk producer but antibiotic usage within the dairy sector is poorly regulated. Little data exists reflecting how antibiotics are used on dairy farms, especially on small-scale dairy farms in India.

Rapid and Simultaneous Analysis of Multiple Classes of Antimicrobial Drugs by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Its Application to Routine Biomedical, Food, and Soil Analyses.

Antimicrobial agents (AMAs) are widely exploited nowadays to meet the high demand for animal-derived food. It has a significant impact on the food chain whose end consumers are human beings. The burden of AMAs on humans comes from either meat or crops cultivated on soil containing high residual antibiotics, which are responsible for the global crisis of antibiotic resistance.

A qualitative study on antibiotic use and animal health management in smallholder dairy farms of four regions of India.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health issue. In India, access to medicines is poorly regulated and therefore antibiotics in dairy cattle are commonly used by farmers without consulting with veterinarians. This study was conducted to understand practices and knowledge related to antibiotic use and AMR among dairy farmers and veterinary professionals in selected urban and peri-urban areas of India.

Enantiopure synthesis of dihydrobenzo[1,4]-oxazine-3-carboxylic acids and a route to benzoxazinyl oxazolidinones.

A two step protocol is developed for the efficient synthesis of enantiopure N-Boc-dihydrobenzo[b]-1,4-oxazine-3-carboxylic acids 4 from serine derived cyclic sulfamidate via intramolecular arylamination. The RuPhos Palladacycle along with additional RuPhos ligand is found to be an efficient catalyst for the arylamination of β-(2-bromoaryloxy)amino acids 3 to provide easy and direct access to a variety of dihydrobenzo[b]-1,4-oxazine-3-carboxylic acids 4 with complete retention of enantiopurity in moderate to high yields. Dihydrobenzo[b]-1,4-oxazine-3-carboxylic acids are not only important unnatural amino acids, but are key precursors for the synthesis of important compounds such as benzoxazinyl oxazolidinones.

Efficient asymmetric synthesis of N-protected-β-aryloxyamino acids via regioselective ring opening of serine sulfamidate carboxylic acid.

First regioselective ring opening of serine derived cyclic sulfamidate by hard nucleophiles like ArONa is developed, where β-elimination of serine sulfamidate ester by stronger nucleophiles is overcome by reversal of the electronic effect of the carboxylate anion. This method provides easy and direct access to a variety of N-Boc- and N-PMB protected β-aryloxy-α-amino acids with complete retention of enantiopurity in moderate to high yields.

Magnitude, types and sex differentials of aggressive behaviour among school children in a rural area of West Bengal.

Background: Aggression affects academic learning and emotional development, can damage school climate and if not controlled early and may precipitate extreme violence in the future.

Objectives: (1) To determine the magnitude and types of aggressive behavior in school children. (2) To identify the influence of age and sex on aggressive behavior.