Data augmentation based on the WGAN-GP with data block to enhance the prediction of genes associated with RNA methylation pathways.

RNA methylation modification influences various processes in the human body and has gained increasing attention from scholars. Predicting genes associated with RNA methylation pathways can significantly aid biologists in studying RNA methylation processes. Several prediction methods have been investigated, but their performance is still limited by the scarcity of positive samples.

Automated Synthesis for the Safe Production of Organic Azides from Primary Amines.

Described herein is the development of an automated and reproducible process for the conversion of primary amines to organic azides utilizing prepacked capsules containing all the required reagents, including imidazole-1-sulfonyl azide tetrafluoroborate. Apart from manually loading the primary amine into the reaction vessel, the entire reaction and product isolation process can be achieved automatically, with no further user involvement, and delivers the desired organic azide in high purity. This practical and simple automated capsule-based method offers a convenient and safe way of generating organic azides without handling or exposure of potentially explosive reagents.

ALA-PDT promotes IL-1β secretion from human SZ95 sebocytes via activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Background: 5-Aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) is an effective treatment for pilosebaceous inflammatory diseases, such as acne vulgaris. In this study, we explored ALA-PDT's mechanisms against acne in vitro.

Methods: We treated human SZ95 sebocytes with ALA (0.

Automated, Capsule-Based Suzuki-Miyaura Cross Couplings.

The development of an automated process for Suzuki-Miyaura cross couplings is described, in which the complete reaction, workup, and product isolation are effected automatically with no user involvement, aside from loading of the starting materials and reaction capsule. This practical and simple method was successfully demonstrated to provide the desired biaryl products using a range of aryl bromides and boronic acids and is also effective for the late-stage functionalization of aryl halides in bioactive molecules.

An integrated console for capsule-based, automated organic synthesis.

The current laboratory practices of organic synthesis are labor intensive, impose safety and environmental hazards, and hamper the implementation of artificial intelligence guided drug discovery. Using a combination of reagent design, hardware engineering, and a simple operating system we provide an instrument capable of executing complex organic reactions with prepacked capsules. The machine conducts coupling reactions and delivers the purified products with minimal user involvement.

Cartridge-based Automated Synthesis - A New Tool for the Synthetic Chemist.

Despite recent advances in reaction methodologies, organic synthesis remains complex and challenging. Many of the fundamental processes in use have not changed in over 100 years, with a large proportion of the work being carried out manually, using lengthy procedures and difficult or hazardous reaction conditions. As such, organic synthesis still presents a bottle-neck in discovery research.

ALA-PDT suppressed the cell growth by Akt-/Erk-mTOR-p70 s6k pathway in human SZ95 sebocytes in vitro.

Background: Topical 5-aminolevulinic acid mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) is known to be an effective method in treating acne vulgaris and other sebaceous gland-related diseases. The therapeutic mechanisms of ALA-PDT still remain undetermined. Our team has reported that ALA-PDT suppressed the cell growth in SZ95 sebocytes by mTOR-p70 S6K signaling.

Kinetics and Mechanism of the Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Arylating Carbocyclization of Allenynes.

Pd-catalyzed C-C bond-forming reactions under oxidative conditions constitute a class of important and widely used synthetic protocols. This Article describes a mechanistic investigation of the arylating carbocyclization of allenynes using boronic acids and focuses on the correlation between reaction conditions and product selectivity. Isotope effects confirm that either allenic or propargylic C-H activation occurs directly after substrate binding.

Analysis of PM-induced cytotoxicity in human HaCaT cells based on a microfluidic system.

Human exposure to PM causes several adverse health effects. Skin is the first barrier against harmful environmental substances and can directly contact with PM, but there is no study about PM-induced cytotoxicity in human skin cells on the molecular level partially due to the shortcomings of traditional research methods. In present study, we established a microfluidic system including a cell culture chip integrated with a high-throughput protein microarray chip to investigate the mechanism of PM-mediated cytotoxicity in human HaCaT cells.

Enantioselective Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Carbocyclization of Enallenes via Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling with Terminal Alkynes: Efficient Construction of α-Chirality of Ketones.

An enantioselective Pd /Brønsted acid-catalyzed carbonylative carbocyclization of enallenes ending with a cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) with a terminal alkyne was developed. VAPOL phosphoric acid was found as the best co-catalyst among the examined 28 chiral acids, for inducing the enantioselectivity of α-chiral ketones. As a result, a number of chiral cyclopentenones were easily synthesized in good to excellent enantiomeric ratio with good yields.

ALA-PDT suppressing the cell growth and reducing the lipogenesis in human SZ95 sebocytes by mTOR signaling pathway in vitro.

Background: 5-Aminolevulinic acid mediated -photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) is known to be effective in treating acne vulgaris and other sebaceous gland-related diseases. However, the therapeutic mechanisms of ALA-PDT still remain undetermined. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of ALA-PDT on the cell growth and lipogenesis of human SZ95 sebocytes.

Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Cascade Carbonylative Spirolactonization of Enallenols.

A highly selective palladium-catalyzed oxidative carbonylation/carbocyclization/alkoxycarbonylation of enallenols to afford spirolactones bearing an all-carbon quaternary center was developed. This transformation involves the overall formation of three C-C bonds and one C-O bond through a cascade insertion of carbon monoxide (CO), an olefin, and CO. Preliminary experiments on chiral anion-induced enantioselective carbonylation/carbocyclization of enallenols afforded spirolactones with moderate enantioselectivity.

Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Synthesis of α-Acetoxylated Enones from Alkynes.

We report a palladium-catalyzed oxidative functionalization of alkynes to generate α-acetoxylated enones in one step. A range of functional groups are well-tolerated in this reaction. Mechanistic studies, including the use of (18) O-labeled DMSO, revealed that the ketone oxygen atom in the product originates from DMSO.

Olefin-Directed Palladium-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Oxidative Arylation of Allenes.

An olefin-directed palladium-catalyzed oxidative regio- and stereoselective arylation of allenes to afford 1,3,6-trienes has been established. A number of functionalized allenes, including 2,3- and 3,4-dienoates and 3,4-dienol derivatives, have been investigated and found to undergo the olefin-directed allene arylation. The olefin moiety has been proven to be a crucial element for the arylating transformation.

Palladium(II)/Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Enantioselective Oxidative Carbocyclization-Borylation of Enallenes.

An enantioselective oxidative carbocyclization-borylation of enallenes that is catalyzed by palladium(II) and a Brønsted acid was developed. Biphenol-type chiral phosphoric acids were superior co-catalysts for inducing the enantioselective cyclization. A number of chiral borylated carbocycles were synthesized in high enantiomeric excess.

Scalable synthesis of oxazolones from propargylic alcohols through multistep palladium(II) catalysis: β-selective oxidative Heck coupling of cyclic sulfonyl enamides and aryl boroxines.

A whale of a scale: The title oxidative Heck coupling proceeded with unusual β selectivity to generate a variety of branched substituted oxazolones (see scheme; Ts=p-toluenesulfonyl). The three-step synthesis from readily available starting materials with a simple palladium catalyst and inexpensive reagents could be carried out in a single reaction vessel or scaled up for the preparation of large amounts of these amino acid precursors.

Palladium-catalyzed oxidative diarylating carbocyclization of enynes.

A mild and efficient palladium-catalyzed oxidative diarylating carbocyclization of enynes is described. The reaction tolerates a range of functionalized arylboronic acids to give diarylated products in good yields. Control experiments suggest that the reaction starts with an arylpalladation of the alkyne, followed by carbocyclization, transmetalation, and reductive elimination to afford the diarylated product.

Palladium-catalyzed oxidative carbocyclization/arylation of enallenes.

A stereoselective palladium-catalyzed oxidative carbocyclization/arylation of enallenes is described. The reaction shows wide tolerance toward highly functionalized arylboronic acids and results in a cis addition of two carbon moieties to an olefin in good to excellent yields.

A novel Prins cyclization through benzylic/allylic C-H activation.

A step-economic method to construct the tetrahydropyran ring, involving sequential benzylic/allylic C-H bond activation via DDQ oxidation and nucleophilic attack of an unactivated olefin, is described. The equatorial-trisubstituted Prins products are obtained from benzyl and allyl homoallylic ethers with high yield and stereochemical fidelity.

Efficient asymmetric total syntheses of cryptocarya triacetate, cryptocaryolone, and cryptocaryolone diacetate.

Concise and efficient asymmetric total syntheses of three substituted alpha-pyrone-type natural products have been accomplished via 7-9 steps from 5b in high overall yields, which involve linchpin coupling, ring-closing metathesis, and a tandem sequence of deacetylation and intramolecular oxa-Michael addition as the key steps.

Asymmetric total synthesis and revision of the absolute configuration of 4-keto-clonostachydiol.

The first total synthesis of the 14-membered natural macrocyclic bislactone 4-keto-clonostachydiol, along with its enantiomer, has been accomplished in 13 steps with overall yields of 8.4% and 8.0%, respectively.

Total synthesis of (-)-bitungolide F.

An efficient total synthesis of (-)-bitungolide F (6) in 17 steps and 20.1% yield is described herein. Key steps involve a Myers asymmetric alkylation to introduce the C6 methyl with proper stereochemistry, a Claisen-like cyclization to construct the alpha,beta-unsaturated delta-lactone and a Julia-Kocienski olefination to assemble the conjugated diene moiety.

An efficient method for construction of the angularly fused 6,3,5-tricyclic skeleton of mycorrhizin A and its analogues.

The angularly fused 6,3,5-tricyclic system is readily generated via a cascade cyclization under acid promotion. The reaction proceeds at room temperature with high stereochemical fidelity from the electrophilic center of the epoxide to the cyclopropane product. This methodology provides a potentially useful approach for the synthesis of mycorrhizin A and its analogues.