A Behavioral Model for Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Measurement Using Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting Technique.

Millimeter-size carbon dioxide (CO)-sensitive luminescence films emerge as practical sensors in miniaturized biomedical devices for measuring transcutaneous CO. The intensity and lifetime of the excited luminophores in the film carry critical information about the CO values in the surrounding environment. It has been proven that lifetime-based measurement is superior to intensity-based measurement because of its robustness to confounding factors.

Implementation Techniques for Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Monitoring: Approaches for Wearable Smart Health Applications.

Wearable smart health applications aim to continuously monitor critical physiological parameters without disrupting patients' daily activities, such as giving a blood sample for lab analysis. For example, the partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide, the critical indicator of ventilation efficacy reflecting the respiratory and acid-base status of the human body, is measured invasively from the arteries. Therefore, it can momentarily be monitored in a clinical setting when the arterial blood sample is taken.

A Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Monitor Based on Time-Domain Dual Lifetime Referencing.

The partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide plays a critical role in assessing the acid-base and respiratory status of the human body. Typically, this measurement is invasive and can only be taken momentarily when an arterial blood sample is drawn. Transcutaneous monitoring is a noninvasive surrogate method that provides a continuous measure of arterial carbon dioxide.

An Infra-Red-Based Prototype for a Miniaturized Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Monitor.

New types of miniaturized biomedical devices transform contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in medicine. This evolution has demonstrated exceptional promise in providing infrastructures for enabling precision health by creating diverse sensing modalities. To this end, this paper presents a prototype for transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring to diversify the measurable critical parameters for human health.