The Eloesser flap: past and present.

Leo Eloesser designed a flap to drain acute tuberculous empyema in the 1930s. The original concept and design are no longer efficacious because of the introduction of antibiotics and antituberculous drugs. The flap has been modified in both concept and design over the years and is used today for drainage of chronic empyemas, with or without bronchopleural fistulas.

Utilization of ascorbate-2-sulfate in fish.

Although most vertebrate animals synthesize L-ascorbic acid (C1), some animal species lack the ability to produce L-gulonolactone oxidase and are thus dependent upon a dietary source of vitamin C. Fish are unique among this latter group in that they store a chemically stable form of vitamin C and appear to metabolize this compound differently from other vitamin C-requiring organisms. Ascorbate-2-sulfate (C2) contributes to total body stores of ascorbate, but the commonly used assays for ascorbate concentrations in tissues and body fluids do not generally measure C2.

Changes in glomerular hemodynamic response to angiotensin II after subacute renal denervation in rats.

We examined the changes in glomerular hemodynamics produced by angiotensin II (AII) in both normal Munich-Wistar rats and rats which were unilaterally renal denervated (measured kidney) 4-6 d prior to the measurement periods. Measurements of glomerular dynamics were performed in a control period after plasma volume expansion and during infusion of 11 ng X 100 g body wt-1 X min-1 of AII. The glomerular hydrostatic pressure gradient increased from 38 +/- 1 to 49 +/- 1 mmHg in denervated rats compared with a lesser response in controls (from 39 +/- 1 to 45 +/- 1 mmHg, P less than 0.

Can causality be determined from proximal tubular reabsorption and peritubular physical factors?

Many studies in the literature have drawn conclusions regarding the mechanism of change in absolute proximal tubular reabsorption (APR) based on steady-state measurements of proximal reabsorptive rates and the peritubular capillary. The proximal reabsorptive rate, APR, is the product of the effective reabsorptive pressure (ERP) and the peritubular capillary reabsorptive coefficient (LpAR) (APR = ERP . LpAR).

Hydrothorax, ascites, and right diaphragmatic hernia.

Hydrothorax and/or ascites may be the most striking finding in children with right diaphragmatic hernia. The clinical, radiographic, and pathologic findings of five children with right diaphragmatic defects through which the liver had herniated are described. Three presented with a right hydrothorax, one with a right hydrothorax and ascites, and another with ascites.

Effect of leukocyte depletion on glomerular dynamics during acute glomerular immune injury.

Large doses of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody (AGBM-Ab) have been shown consistently to decrease both single nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) and the glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient (LpA) within 60 min of administration of the antibody. Both the decrease in SNGFR and LpA may be the result of infiltration of leukocytes blocking capillary loops and/or endothelial cell separation from the glomerular basement membrane through leukocyte dependent activated cytotoxic products or by mechanisms associated with leukocyte activation and infiltration. Administration of 2.

Effect of furosemide administration on glomerular and tubular dynamics in the rat.

Furosemide, a potent diuretic, has also been shown (1) to inhibit or reduce tubuloglomerular feedback activity, (2) act as a vasodilatory agent, and (3) exhibit a modest carbonic anhydrase inhibitory effect, which could potentially reduce proximal tubule reabsorption. If furosemide can inhibit tubuloglomerular feedback as well as cause vasodilation, then glomerular filtration rate (GFR) should increase through alterations in the dynamics of glomerular ultrafiltration. The effect of acute furosemide infusion (4 mg/kg of body wt per hour) on glomerular and tubular dynamics was examined in Munich-Wistar rats by two protocols: The first allowed a 3% volume depletion (based on body wt) to occur as a result of furosemide administration (group 1); the second allowed a complete replacement of volume after furosemide administration (group 2).

Distribution of ascorbate-2-sulfate and distribution, half-life and turnover rates of [1-14C]ascorbic acid in rainbow trout.

Rainbow trout (250 g) were maintained at 15 degrees C for 3 months on a low ascorbic acid diet, given [1-14C]ascorbic acid by gavage, then fed the NAS/NRC requirement 12 times per week. Total urine, fecal water and branchial water were collected daily from five fish placed in metabolism chambers for four successive 5-day periods. Tissue samples were analyzed for 14C, ascorbic acid (C1) and ascorbate-2-sulfate sulfate (C2).

Fluid shifts and muscle function in humans during acute simulated weightlessness.

Head-down tilt is considered an effective experimental model to simulate weightlessness. To determine the acute effects of simulated weightlessness on transcapillary fluid balance, tissue fluid shifts, muscle function, and triceps surae reflex time, eight supine subjects were tilted 5 degrees head down for 8 h. A cephalic fluid shift from the legs was indicated by facial edema, nasal congestion, increased urine flow, decreased creatinine excretion, reduced calf girth, and decreased lower leg volume.

Mechanism of diuresis following acute modest hyperglycemia in the rat.

In paired micropuncture studies in the Munich-Wistar rat we examined the mechanism of diuresis after acute induction of modest hyperglycemia (430-460 mg/dl) in the absence of an increase in total body water. The major reasons for the diuresis were an increase in nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) (from 30.3 +/- 1.

Mechanism of altered glomerular hemodynamics during chronic sodium depletion.

Chronic sodium depletion in the rat is associated with decreased nephron filtration rate (SNGFR), nephron plasma flow (rpf), and a reduction in the glomerular permeability coefficient (LpA). This study was designed to determine whether the reduction in LpA could be acutely reversed with volume repletion and whether administration of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitor will restore LpA to normal values in the sodium-depleted rat. Measurements were performed in Munich-Wistar rats employing micropuncture techniques to assess the effects of acute volume repletion, 3-5 days of oral converting enzyme inhibitor (CEI) (30 mg .

Analysis of adrenergic effects of the anesthetics Inactin and alpha-chloralose.

Renal and systemic adrenergic system responses were examined and compared under conditions of Inactin, a barbiturate, and alpha-chloralose anesthesia in hydropenic Munich-Wistar rats. Base-line plasma norepinephrine and other catecholamine levels were higher in Inactin-anesthetized rats. Norepinephrine was infused to raise blood pressure 15-20 mmHg above base line and plasma norepinephrine was again significantly higher with Inactin.

Effect of modest hyperglycemia on tubuloglomerular feedback activity.

Tubuloglomerular feedback activity was evaluated in hydropenic rats, using "borrowed," glucose-free hydropenic late proximal tubular fluid as microperfusion solution, and in rats with modest hyperglycemia using both hyperglycemic (glucose-containing) and hydropenic (glucose-free) late proximal fluid as test solutions. Changes in nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) in the same nephron were evaluated in all states at zero and 24.6 nl/min late proximal tubule microperfusion rates (the observed hyperglycemic late proximal flow rate) using a Hampel microperfusion pump.

Glomerular hemodynamics in moderate Goldblatt hypertension in the rat.

Glomerular hemodynamics were studied by micropuncture technique in the unclipped kidney in rats in which modest two kidney Goldblatt hypertension was maintained for 4 weeks and in normotensive controls. Both groups ingested less than 2 mEq Na+/day. In hypertensive rats at micropuncture, mean hydrostatic pressure was elevated both systematically (128 +/- 5 vs 113 +/- 3 mm Hg, p less than 0.

Diagnostic open lung biopsy for diffuse pulmonary disease in immunocompromised pediatric patients.

Diagnostic open lung biopsy was performed in 40 pediatric patients with diffuse pulmonary disease and underlying malignancy or immunosuppression. Specific diagnoses on which therapy could be based were made in 32 patients and there was only one false-negative result. Pneumocystis carinii was diagnosed antemortem in 28 patients.

Glomerular immune injury in the rat: effect of antagonists of histamine activity.

The participation of histamine via H1 and H2 receptors, in the alteration of glomerular ultrafiltration consequent to acute glomerular immune injury was evaluated in three groups of Munich-Wistar rats, before and after the administration of large doses of antiglomerular basement membrane antibody (AGBM). Group 1 was the control and was untreated; group 2, rats continuously infused with H1 receptor antagonist diphenhydramine; and group 3, rats receiving continuous infusion of the H2 receptor antagonist cimetidine. In group 1, nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) decreased within 60 min after AGBM from 58 +/- 2 to 32 +/- 5 nl .

Glomerular immune injury in the rat: the influence of angiotensin II and alpha-adrenergic inhibitors.

Nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) decreases significantly after the administration of large doses of antiglomerular basement membrane antibody (anti-GBM) as a result of reductions in both nephron (renal) plasma flow (RPF) and the glomerular permeability coefficient (LpA). We have examined the participation of angiotensin II (AII) and alpha-adrenergic activity in this process in paired studies in three groups of Munich-Wistar rats: group 1, control and untreated; group 2, rats receiving continuous infusion of sar1-ala8-AII (1 microgram . kg of body wt-1 .

Effects of glomerular filtration dynamics on the glomerular permeability coefficient.

Studies were performed in Munich-Wistar rats (n = 24) to determine if the glomerular permeability coefficient (LpA) is affected by changes in the systemic oncotic pressure (pi A) as well as other determinants of glomerular filtration [nephron plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular hydrostatic pressure gradient (delta P)] and systemic hematocrit (Hct). Multiple regression analysis was used to separate the respective relationships of pi A, delta P, RPF, and Hct to LpA to ascertain whether the correlation of LpA to these variables was direct or mediated by some concurrently changing factor. Three two-period protocols were used to examine the changes of these determinants of filtration: 1) hydropenia to 10% body wt saline expansion (SE), 2) SE to 1% body wt of concentrated rat plasma protein (25 g/100 ml) solution (HP) with removal of 1.

The efferent limb of the tubuloglomerular feedback system.

The effector mechanisms which constitute the efferent limb of the tubuloglomerular feedback system were examined after the administration of benzolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, which decreased proximal tubule fluid reabsorption by approximately 8 nl/min and transiently increased delivery of fluid out of the proximal tubule. Since benzolamide administration resulted in a decrease in nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) from 29.2 to 21.

Pharmacology, tolerance, and antiviral activity of vidarabine monophosphate in humans.

Vidarabine (adenine arabinoside) is a purine nucleoside useful in humans for therapy of herpes simplex virus encephalitis and herpes zoster virus infections in immunocompromised patients. However, the potential usefulness of vidaribine is limited by its poor solubility, which requires continuous infusion in relatively large volumes of intravenous fluid. Vidarabine 5'-monophosphate is highly soluble and has the advantage that it can be administered intermittently intramuscularly or intravenously.