Regulatory T and B cells in pediatric Henoch-Schönlein purpura: friends or foes?

Background And Objectives: Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is the most common immunoglobulin A-mediated systemic vasculitis in childhood. We studied immune dysregulation in HSP by analyzing regulatory T (Treg), T helper 3 (Th3), and regulatory B cell (Breg) subpopulations that might intervene in immune activation, IgA production, and HSP clinical manifestations.

Methods: This prospective study included 3 groups of children: 30 HSP on acute phase, 30 HSP on remission, and 40 healthy controls (HCs) matched on age.

Steroid hormone catabolites activate the pyrin inflammasome through a non-canonical mechanism.

The pyrin inflammasome acts as a guard of RhoA GTPases and is central to immune defenses against RhoA-manipulating pathogens. Pyrin activation proceeds in two steps. Yet, the second step is still poorly understood.

Protocol of comparison of the effects of single plasma exchange and double filtration plasmapheresis on peripheral lymphocyte phenotypes in patients with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy: a monocentric prospective study with single-case experimental design.

Background: Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), a rare disorder affecting young adults, causes gradual weakness of the limbs, areflexia and impaired sensory function. New CIDP phenotypes without pathogenic antibodies but with modified cell profiles have been described. Treatments include corticotherapy, intravenous immunoglobulins, and plasmapheresis but the latter's action mechanisms remain unclear.

A Non-Invasive Neonatal Signature Predicts Later Development of Atopic Diseases.

Preterm birth is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and children. Non-invasive methods for screening the neonatal immune status are lacking. Archaea, a prokaryotic life domain, comprise methanogenic species that are part of the neonatal human microbiota and contribute to early immune imprinting.

Re-positive testing, clinical evolution and clearance of infection: results from COVID-19 cases in isolation in Viet Nam.

Objective: Asymptomatic infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and test re-positivity after a negative test have raised concerns about the ability to effectively control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of COVID-19 asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infections during the second wave of COVID-19 in Viet Nam, and to better understand the duration of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the dynamics between the evolution of clinical symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 test positivity among confirmed COVID-19 cases.

Methods: We conducted a cohort analysis on the first 50 confirmed cases during the second COVID-19 wave in Viet Nam using clinical, laboratory and epidemiological data collected from 9 March to 30 April 2020.

Efficiency of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion for Premature Neonate: A Case Report.

Neonatal hyperglycaemia is common in extremely low birth weight (ELBW, <1,000 g) infants, associated with a number of adverse clinical outcomes, and usually treated with continuous intravenous insulin infusion (CIVII). We report a case of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in an ELBW neonate (730 g, 25 weeks GA) requiring insulin infusion for transient idiopathic hyperglycaemia. After presenting hyperglycaemia on day 4, the patient was treated with CIVII.

Meconial suggests intrauterine methanogen colonization in preterm neonates.

To understand the dynamics of methanogens in the human intestinal microbiota, we investigated the presence of methanogens in meconium using a polyphasic approach including microscopy and PCR-sequencing in 33 meconium samples collected from 33 pre-term neonates, in accordance with current ethics regulation. In the presence of negative controls, 90.9% samples were real-time PCR-positive for methanogens and 69.

Association of public health interventions and COVID-19 incidence in Vietnam, January to December 2020.

Background: Vietnam implemented various public health interventions such as contact tracing and testing, mandatory quarantine, and lockdowns in response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the effects of these measures on the epidemic remain unclear.

Methods: This article describes the public health interventions in relation to COVID-19 incidence.

Timeliness of contact tracing among flight passengers during the COVID-19 epidemic in Vietnam.

Background: International air travel plays an important role in the global spread of SARS-CoV-2, and tracing of close contacts is an integral part of the public health response to COVID-19. We aimed to assess the timeliness of contact tracing among airline passengers arriving in Vietnam on flights containing COVID-19 cases and investigated factors associated with timeliness of contact tracing.

Methods: We included data from 2228 passengers on 22 incoming flights between 2 and 19 March 2020.

Regulatory T cell/Th17 balance in the pathogenesis of paediatric Behçet disease.

Objectives: Behçet disease (BD) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown aetiology. The aim of this study was to determine the orientation of T cell subpopulations in paediatric BD and more precisely to look for a regulatory T lymphocyte (Treg)/Th17 imbalance.

Methods: T cell subpopulations were analysed by flow cytometry in the peripheral blood of paediatric patients with acute BD (aBD; n = 24), remitting BD (rBD; n = 12) and in healthy controls (HCs; n = 24).

CT scan does not make a diagnosis of Covid-19: A cautionary case report.

Here, we report the clinical case of a 12-year-old girl presenting with flu-like symptoms, cough, anosmia, ageusia, breathing difficulties, and patchy ground glass opacities on TDM chest scan who turned out to be Coronavirus 229E-infected. This case draws attention to the risk of false COVID-19 diagnosis when over-relying on CT scan imaging.

Assessment of anti-infective medication adherence in pediatric outpatients.

The objective of this pilot study was to assess the overall adherence rate of the pediatric population to anti-infective drugs prescribed for acute infection at hospital discharge and to identify risk factors for non-adherence behavior. Pediatric patients discharged from a French university hospital with at least one oral drug prescription for acute infection were included for 3 months. Medication adherence and antibiotic knowledge were assessed through data collected by calling the parents.

Conventional radiography in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Joint recommendations from the French societies for rheumatology, radiology and paediatric rheumatology.

Background: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) can cause structural damage. However, data on conventional radiography (CR) in JIA are scant.

Objective: To provide pragmatic guidelines on CR in each non-systemic JIA subtype.

Survey of Staphylococcus aureus in a general pediatric population and focus on isolates with three clinically relevant toxin-encoding genes.

Background: In children, surveys on Staphylococcus aureus have focused on specific infections, situations or strains but no study has so far given an overview on S. aureus isolation without any selection. Here, we describe the overall bacteriological and clinical characteristics of S.

Narcolepsy Type 1 Is Associated with a Systemic Increase and Activation of Regulatory T Cells and with a Systemic Activation of Global T Cells.

Narcolepsy is a rare neurologic disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy and disturbed nocturnal sleep patterns. Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) has been shown to result from a selective loss of hypothalamic hypocretin-secreting neurons with patients typically showing low CSF-hypocretin levels (<110 pg/ml). This specific loss of hypocretin and the strong association with the HLA-DQB1*06:02 allele led to the hypothesis that NT1 could be an immune-mediated pathology.

What to expect from molecular tools for non-documented pediatric infectious diseases.

Objective: Evaluation of the contribution of molecular tools to the overall diagnosis of infectious diseases in children.

Methods: Results of 16S rDNA analysis (179 children; 228 specimens), combined to specific amplification of Kingella kingae (126 children; 166 osteoarticular specimens), were retrospectively analyzed for samples with inconclusive cultures.

Result: The overall positive yield in diagnosis was 12.

Musculoskeletal symptoms in patients with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes: a large database study.

Objective: To determine the type and frequency of musculoskeletal symptoms at onset and during followup of cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS).

Methods: We retrospectively recorded the articular and muscular symptoms of patients with CAPS followed up in French hospitals. Data were presented as frequencies or the median (range), and patient groups were compared using chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney test.

Iris melanoma in 12-year-old boy.

A 12-year-old boy presented with an incidental finding of an iris lesion after blunt injury. Ocular examination revealed a large atypical brown vascular nodule in the nasal iris, extending to the pupillary margin. There were smaller scattered nodules scattered within the iris and anterior chamber.