Current Genetic Status of Nagaremon-charr, a Threatened Morphotype of in the Ane River, Lake Biwa System, Central Japan, With Comments on Its Conservation.

Stream-dwelling white-spotted charr, , populations tend to have unique color and spot patterns in different regions and may even display stream-specific patterns. An extreme edge of such diversity, found in individuals with atypical body color patterns (so-called nagaremon-type charr, a rare morphotype of [hereafter termed nagaremon-charr]), sympatrically occurring with normal-charr, has been reported from only six small isolated populations in Japan. Based on morphological and ecological perspectives, nagaremon-charr has been considered as an intraspecific color variant of white-spotted charr, although the genetic status of nagaremon-charr has not been determined.

Roles of bile acid conjugates and phospholipids in in vitro activation of pancreatic lipase by bear bile and cattle bile.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Bear bile (BB) originally used as a traditional Chinese medicine has also been adopted in Japan as a traditional home remedy mainly for gastrointestinal problems due to impaired digestion. However, recently, efforts have been made to find alternatives to BB for ecological and ethical reasons.

Aims Of The Study: To find alternatives to BB for facilitating fat digestion, we compared the potency of cattle bile (CB) or synthetic mixtures of major bile components to activate pancreatic lipase with that of BB.