Molecular approaches for the management of papaya ringspot virus infecting papaya: a comprehensive review.

Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a catastrophic disease that causes huge yield losses in papaya cultivation around the world. Yield losses in severely infected plants can be upto 100%. Because of this disease, papaya cultivation has been shifted to other crops in some areas of the world.

Development of Attenuated Viruses for Effective Protection against Pepper Veinal Mottle Virus in Tomato Crops.

Tomato () is the most important vegetable and fruit crop in the family Solanaceae worldwide. Numerous pests and pathogens, especially viruses, severely affect tomato production, causing immeasurable market losses. In Taiwan, the cultivation of tomato crops is mainly threatened by insect-borne viruses, among which pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV) is one of the most prevalent.

Leucine 127 of Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus P22 Is Crucial for Its RNA Silencing Suppression Activity and Pathogenicity.

Plant viruses produce particular suppressors to antagonize the host defense response of RNA silencing to establish infection. Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV), a member of the genus of the family , severely damages the production of economically essential cucurbits worldwide. Here, we used the attenuated zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) vector ZAC to express individual coding sequences, including CP, CPm, P25, and P22, of a Taiwan CCYV isolate (CCYV-TW) to identify their possible roles as pathogenicity determinants.

Identification of an emerging cucumber virus in Taiwan using Oxford nanopore sequencing technology.

Background: In June 2020, severe symptoms of leaf mosaic and fruit malformation were observed on greenhouse-grown cucumber plants in Xizhou Township of Changhua County, Taiwan. An unknown virus, designated CX-2, was isolated from a diseased cucumber sample by single lesion isolation on Chenopodium quinoa leaves. Identification of CX-2 was performed.

Rose Virome Analysis and Identification of a Novel Ilarvirus in Taiwan.

Rose ( spp.), especially , is one of the most popular ornamental plants in the world and the third largest cut flower crop in Taiwan. Rose mosaic disease (RMD), showing mosaic, line patterns and ringspots on leaves, is a common rose disease caused by the complex infection of various viruses.

IbTLD modulates reactive oxygen species scavenging and DNA protection to confer salinity stress tolerance in tobacco.

Plants accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may damage the cells under prolonged stress conditions. Reduction of the excessive ROS production can alleviate oxidative damage and enhance the survival rates under stress. TLDc-containing protein (TLD) was reported to confer tolerance to oxidative stress, but the regulatory mechanism of TLD remains unclear.

Complete genome sequence of Amazon lily mosaic virus isolated from amaryllis (Hippeastrum hybridum Hort.).

In April 2011, a virus was isolated by single-lesion isolation on Chenopodium quinoa leaves from an amaryllis plant with chlorotic ringspots in a private garden in Changhua County, Taiwan. An Illumina MiSeq sequencing system was used to determine the genomic nucleotide (nt) sequence of the virus. A de novo-assembled contig with 9377 nt, containing an open reading frame encoding a putative potyviral polyprotein, was annotated as the potyvirus Amazon lily mosaic virus (ALiMV), sharing 95.

Paladin, a tyrosine phosphatase-like protein, is required for -mediated immunity in rice.

encodes a rice immune receptor that confers robust resistance to most strains of the Gram-negative bacterium pv. ()-mediated immunity is triggered by recognition of a small protein called RaxX-sY (required for activation of -mediated immunity X, tyrosine-sulfated) secreted by To identify components regulating -mediated immunity, we generated and screened a mutant population of fast-neutron-mutagenized rice expressing for those susceptible to . Here, we report the characterization of one of these rice mutants, named ().

Transmission mode of watermelon silver mottle virus by Thrips palmi.

Thrips and thrips-transmitted tospoviruses cause significant losses in crop yields worldwide. The melon thrips (Thrips palmi) is not only a pest of cucurbit crops, but also a vector that transmits tospoviruses, such as the watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV). Vector transmission of tospoviruses has been well studied in the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)-Frankliniella occidentalis model system; however, until now the transmission mode of WSMoV by T.

Characterization of a New Orthotospovirus from Chilli Pepper in Yunnan Province, China.

Chilli pepper ( L.) is one of the most important crops in Yunnan Province, China. An orthotospovirus isolate 14YV855 was isolated from a diseased chilli pepper plant exhibiting yellow ringspots and necrosis on leaves in Shiping County, Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province in 2014.

Molecular Characterization and Detection of a Genetically Distinct Tomato Chlorosis Virus Strain in Taiwan.

The whitefly-transmitted tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) belonging to the genus Crinivirus (family Closteroviridae) affects tomato production worldwide. ToCV was first recorded in Taiwan in 1998 affecting tomato production. In this study, a local virus isolate XS was obtained, after serial whitefly transmissions from a diseased tomato plant displaying general chlorosis were collected in central Taiwan.

The antioxidant activity and nitric oxide production of extracts obtained from the leaves of Chenopodium quinoa Willd.

Background: Most reports have indicated the antioxidant capacity of quinoa seeds. However, the leaves of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) are usually worthless and little known about their biological activities.

Characterization of the genome of a phylogenetically distinct tospovirus and its interactions with the local lesion-induced host Chenopodium quinoa by whole-transcriptome analyses.

Chenopodium quinoa is a natural local lesion host of numerous plant viruses, including tospoviruses (family Bunyaviridae). Groundnut chlorotic fan-spot tospovirus (GCFSV) has been shown to consistently induce local lesions on the leaves of C. quinoa 4 days post-inoculation (dpi).

Characterization of a new isolate of pepper chlorotic spot virus from Yunnan province, China.

A new isolate, 14YV733, of pepper chlorotic spot virus (PCSV) from chili peppers in Yunnan province of China was identified. The typical tospoviral particles of 80-120 nm in diameter were observed by electron microscopy. The virus caused systemic symptoms in several solanaceous plants and the Brassica rapa L.

Complete nucleotide sequences of M and L RNAs from a new pepper-infecting tospovirus, Pepper chlorotic spot virus.

Pepper chlorotic spot virus (PCSV), newly found in Taiwan, was identified as a new tospovirus based on the molecular characterization of its S RNA. In this study, the complete M and L RNA sequences of PCSV were determined. The M RNA has 4795 nucleotides (nts), encoding the NSm protein of 311 aa (34.

Rapid and Delayed Effects of Pulsed Radiofrequency on Neuropathic Pain: Electrophysiological, Molecular, and Behavioral Evidence Supporting Long-Term Depression.

Background: Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) has been widely employed for ameliorating clinical neuropathic pain. How PRF alters electrophysiological transmission and modulates biomolecular functions in neural tissues has yet to be clarified. We previously demonstrated that an early application of low-voltage bipolar PRF adjacent to the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) reduced acute neuropathic pain in animals.

Development of a microarray for simultaneous detection and differentiation of different tospoviruses that are serologically related to Tomato spotted wilt virus.

Background: Tospoviruses, the plant-infecting genus in the family Bunyaviridae, are thrips borne and cause severe agricultural losses worldwide. Based on the serological relationships of the structural nucleocapsid protein (NP), the current tospoviruses are divided into six serogroups. The use of NP-antisera is convenient for virus detection, but it is insufficient to identify virus species grouped in a serogroup due to the serological cross-reaction.

Mutation of the rice XA21 predicted nuclear localization sequence does not affect resistance to pv. .

Background: The rice receptor kinase XA21 confers robust resistance to the bacterial pathogen pv. (). We previously reported that XA21 is cleaved in transgenic plants overexpressing XA21 with a GFP tag (-XA21-GFP) and that the released C-terminal domain is localized to the nucleus.

Monoclonal antibodies for differentiating infections of three serological-related tospoviruses prevalent in Southwestern China.

Background: The thrips-borne tospoviruses Calla lily chlorotic spot virus (CCSV), Tomato zonate spot virus (TZSV) and a new species provisionally named Tomato necrotic spot associated virus (TNSaV) infect similar crops in southwestern China. The symptoms exhibiting on virus-infected crops are similar, which is difficult for distinguishing virus species by symptomatology. The sequences of nucleocapsid proteins (NPs) of CCSV, TNSaV and TZSV share high degrees of amino acid identity with each other, and their serological relationship was currently demonstrated from the responses of the previously reported monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the NP of CCSV (MAb-CCSV-NP) and the nonstructural NSs protein of Watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV) (MAb-WNSs).

Spatial Ion Peak Compression and its Utility in Ion Mobility Spectrometry.

A novel concept for ion spatial peak compression is described, and discussed primarily in the context of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Using theoretical and numerical methods, the effects of using non-constant (e.g.

Full-length M and L RNA sequences of tospovirus isolate 2009-GZT, which causes necrotic ringspot on tomato in China.

The virus isolate 2009-GZT, collected from tomato in Guizhou province of China, was identified as a new member of the genus Tospovirus based on its S RNA sequence. Because its provisional name, "tomato necrotic spot virus" (TNSV), was identical to an already existing member of the genus Ilarvirus, 2009-GZT was renamed "tomato necrotic spot-associated virus" (TNSaV). In this study, the full-length sequences of the genomic M and L RNAs of TNSaV were determined and analyzed.

Mobility-Selected Ion Trapping and Enrichment Using Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations.

The integration of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) with mass spectrometry (MS) and the ability to trap ions in IMS-MS measurements is of great importance for performing reactions, accumulating ions, and increasing analytical measurement sensitivity. The development of Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (SLIM) offers the potential for ion manipulations in an extended and more effective manner, while opening opportunities for many more complex sequences of manipulations. Here, we demonstrate an ion separation and trapping module and a method based upon SLIM that consists of a linear mobility ion drift region, a switch/tee and a trapping region that allows the isolation and accumulation of mobility-separated species.

Characterization of Traveling Wave Ion Mobility Separations in Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations.

We report on the development and characterization of a traveling wave (TW)-based Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (TW-SLIM) module for ion mobility separations (IMS). The TW-SLIM module uses parallel arrays of rf electrodes on two closely spaced surfaces for ion confinement, where the rf electrodes are separated by arrays of short electrodes, and using these TWs can be created to drive ion motion. In this initial work, TWs are created by the dynamic application of dc potentials.

Ion manipulations in structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM): computational evaluation of a 90° turn and a switch.

The process of redirecting ions through 90° turns and 'tee' switches utilizing Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (SLIM) was evaluated at 4 Torr pressure using SIMION simulations and theoretical methods. The nature of pseudo-potential in SLIM-tee structures has also been explored. Simulations show that 100% transmission efficiency in SLIM devices can be achieved with guard electrode voltages lower than ∼10 V.

Enhancing biological analyses with three dimensional field asymmetric ion mobility, low field drift tube ion mobility and mass spectrometry (μFAIMS/IMS-MS) separations.

Multidimensional high throughput separations are ideal for analyzing distinct ion characteristics simultaneously in one analysis. We report on the first evaluation of a platform coupling a high speed field asymmetric ion mobility spectrometry microchip (μFAIMS) with drift tube ion mobility and mass spectrometry (IMS-MS). The μFAIMS/IMS-MS platform was used to analyze biological samples and simultaneously acquire multidimensional FAIMS compensation fields, IMS drift times, and accurate ion masses for the detected features.