Investigation of the pathophysiology of the retina and choroid in Parkinson's disease by optical coherence tomography.

Purpose: The pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is suspected to affect the retina and choroid. We investigated changes in the retina and choroid of patients with PD using optical coherence tomography.

Methods: We examined 14 patients with PD and 22 patients without PD.

Comparison of refractive value and pupil size under monocular and binocular conditions between the Spot Vision Screener and binocular open-field autorefractor.

We determined the repeatability-reproducibility of refraction values and pupil size measured using the Spot Vision Screener and compare the obtained values with those measured using the binocular open-field autorefractor Grand Seiko WAM 5500 in healthy adults. This cross-sectional study included 22 eyes of 22 healthy adults with emmetropia to myopia. For each participant, spherical equivalent value, cylindrical value, and pupil size were measured in the right eye using the Spot Vision Screener and Grand Seiko autorefractor devices by two different orthoptists under two conditions: monocular and binocular (three consecutive refraction measurements).

Effect of Pupil Size and Binocular Viewing on Accommodative Gain in Emmetropia and Myopia.

Purpose: To evaluate the differences in accommodative gain in response to different accommodative stimuli and determine the effects of pupil size, binocular viewing, and inherent eye refraction on accommodative gain.

Methods: This study enrolled 47 healthy young adults (emmetropia: 21 eyes, myopia: 26 eyes). Refractive value and pupil size during accommodative stimulus were measured using an open-viewing type auto-refractor (Grand Seiko WAM-5500).

Relationship between Crystalline Lens Thickness and Shape and the Identification of Anterior Ocular Segment Parameters for Predicting the Intraocular Lens Position after Cataract Surgery.

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the relationships among crystalline lens shape, actual intraocular lens (IOL) position, and crystalline lens thickness (LT), as measured by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT), and to determine anterior ocular segment parameters that predict postoperative IOL position.

Methods: Seventy-nine eyes of 79 patients who underwent uneventful cataract surgery were enrolled. For crystalline lens preoperative anterior segment data, the LT, and anterior, equatorial, and posterior surface depths (ASD, ESD, and PSD, respectively) of crystalline lenses were quantitatively determined.

Biometry: a tool for the detection of amblyopia risk factor in children.

Purpose: To determine optical biometry data criteria for the detection of abnormal refraction in preschool children, and to evaluate the accuracy of these criteria for detecting amblyopia refractive risk factor (ARF), as defined in the 2013 guidelines of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS).

Methods: The present study included 200 eyes of 100 preschool children with normal eyes for the experimental determination of criteria and 142 eyes of 71 preschool children for validation of these criteria. Statistical data from normal eyes were used to determine both "high sensitivity failure criterion" and "high specificity failure criterion" associated with corneal astigmatism, interocular difference in axial length, and the prediction interval of a regression formula for predicting corneal power from axial length.

The Repeatability of Values Measured Using the Spot Vision Screener in Healthy Children and Children with Refractive Errors.

To determine the repeatability of refractive values measured using the Spot vision screener in healthy children and children with refractive errors. This cross-sectional study included 170 eyes of 85 healthy children (normal group), and 50 eyes of 25 children wearing spectacles for refractive errors (spectacles group). The spherical equivalent value, cylindrical value, and inter-ocular differences in the spherical equivalent values were analyzed.

Evaluation of a Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect using the RAPDx Device Before and After Treatment in Patients with Optic Nerve Disease.

We evaluated the amplitude and latency scores in the RAPDx® device together with other ophthalmic examinations, before and after treatment in four patients with optic nerve disease. In all patients, the visual acuity (VA) and visual field (VF) after treatment was resolved. Both scores after treatment were lower, with reduced laterality-based differences in VA and critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF).

Differences in the Stimulus Accommodative Convergence/Accommodation Ratio using Various Techniques and Accommodative Stimuli.

Purpose: To investigate differences in the stimulus accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio using various techniques and accommodative stimuli, and to describe a method for determining the stimulus AC/A ratio.

Methods: A total of 81 subjects with a mean age of 21 years (range, 20-23 years) were enrolled. The relationship between ocular deviation and accommodation was assessed using two methods.

Prediction of pupil size under binocular open-view settings using the new CASIA2 device.

Purpose: Pupillometry should be performed under conditions as close to natural viewing as possible. The present study aimed to determine whether pupil size in binocular open-view settings can be predicted based on pupil size measured using the CASIA2 device.

Methods: The present study included 61 participants (25 men and 36 women; mean age, 49 ± 15 years; age range, 22-69 years) with no history of ophthalmic disease other than refractive errors and cataract.

Evaluation of visual function in preschool-age children using a vision screening protocol.

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between uncorrected visual acuity and refraction and binocular function using a vision screening protocol.

Methods: In total, 760 children (3-6 years old) who were enrolled in 4 nursery schools in Otawara, Japan, were recruited; a total of 1,520 eyes were examined. We assessed uncorrected near visual acuity, manifest refraction, stereopsis, and eye position.

Comparison of Size Modulation Standard Automated Perimetry and Conventional Standard Automated Perimetry with a 10-2 Test Program in Glaucoma Patients.

Purpose: This prospective observational study compared the performance of size modulation standard automated perimetry with the Octopus 600 10-2 test program, with stimulus size modulation during testing, based on stimulus intensity and conventional standard automated perimetry, with that of the Humphrey 10-2 test program in glaucoma patients.

Methods: Eighty-seven eyes of 87 glaucoma patients underwent size modulation standard automated perimetry with Dynamic strategy and conventional standard automated perimetry using the SITA standard strategy. The main outcome measures were global indices, point-wise threshold, visual defect size and depth, reliability indices, and test duration; these were compared between size modulation standard automated perimetry and conventional standard automated perimetry.

Evaluation of Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect Using RAPDx Device in Patients with Optic Nerve Disease.

We previously reported the standard values of the amplitude and latency scores in the RAPDx device for evaluating relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD). Here, we evaluated RAPD in patients with optic nerve disease by using these standard values. Twenty-eight patients with current or previous optic nerve disease were enrolled in this study.

Effects of Ripasudil Hydrochloride Hydrate Instillation on Pupil Dynamics.

Purpose: We investigated the effects of instillation of ripasudil hydrochloride hydrate (GLANATEC) on pupil dynamics.

Materials And Methods: Fourteen healthy participants (mean age: 30 years), who had no ophthalmic diseases other than refractive error, were enrolled in this study. A single dose of GLANATEC was instilled into the left eye only.

Effects of Age and Sex on Values Obtained by RAPDx Pupillometer, and Determined the Standard Values for Detecting Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect.

Purpose: To determine the effects of age and sex on the amplitude and latency scores obtained by the RAPDx pupillometer, and to determine the standard values for detecting relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) in healthy subjects.

Methods: The study was conducted on 84 healthy subjects (52 males, 32 females), who had no ophthalmic diseases other than refractive errors with a mean age of 32 years. The amplitude and latency scores of the males were compared to that of females and also among the different age groups.