Single-Cell Information Analysis Reveals That Skeletal Muscles Incorporate Cell-to-Cell Variability as Information Not Noise.

Cell-to-cell variability in signal transduction in biological systems is often considered noise. However, intercellular variation (i.e.

Endoscopic transmastoid posterior petrosal approach for locally aggressive tumors in the petrous part of the temporal bone involving the internal auditory canal, jugular foramen, and hypoglossal canal.

Objective: The posterior petrosal approach is an established surgical method offering wide access to skull base lesions through mastoid air cells. The authors describe their experience with the endoscopic transmastoid "posterior petrosal" approach (EPPAP) for skull base tumors involving the internal auditory canal (IAC), jugular foramen, and hypoglossal canal.

Methods: The EPPAP was performed for 7 tumors (3 chordomas, 2 chondrosarcomas, 1 schwannoma, and 1 solitary fibrous tumor).

A case of more than 20 years survival with glioblastoma, and development of cavernous angioma as a delayed complication of radiotherapy.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant CNS neoplasm, the prognosis of which remains poor even after multidisciplinary treatment. The 5-year overall survival rate of GBM is less than 10% and has remained unchanged for more than 50 years. Because GBM patients rarely survive over a decade, only very few cases of delayed complications caused by therapy have been reported.