Imprisonment for South Ethiopian people living with HIV presents a double health burden: lived experiences of prisoners.

Background: Optimal adherence is crucial for ensuring both therapeutic and preventative benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Sub-optimal adherence is common in prisoners and little information is available about its predisposing circumstances in resource-limited settings. We explored lived experiences of inmates living with HIV (ILWH) and experiential accounts of service providers in South Ethiopia to identify barriers to and facilitators of HIV care use in the prison context.

Efficacy of mindfulness and goal setting interventions for increasing resilience and reducing smoking in lower socio-economic groups: randomised controlled trial protocol.

Background: Smoking and resulting health problems disproportionately impact low socioeconomic status (SES) individuals. Building resilience presents an approach to 'closing the gap'. Mindfulness-based interventions and setting realistic goals are preferred in low socioeconomic communities.

System and policy-level barriers and facilitators for timely and accurate diagnosis of young onset dementia.

Objective: The multiyear diagnostic journey for young onset dementia (YOD) is fraught with clinical and personal difficulties and poses significant uncertainty for people living with YOD and their families. Most existing research has examined the personal and/or clinical barriers to a timely diagnosis of YOD, but less evidence exists regarding system level factors. The aim of this study is to investigate health professionals' insights for a timely and accurate YOD diagnosis at the system level.

Risk factors for late linkage to care and delayed antiretroviral therapy initiation among adults with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analyses.

Objectives: Late treatment initiation threatens the clinical and public health benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Quantitative synthesizes of the existing evidence related to this are lacking in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), which would help ascertain the best evidence-based interventions. This review aimed to systematically synthesize the available literature on factors affecting linkage to care and ART initiation among adults with HIV in SSA.

Factors affecting optimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy and viral suppression amongst HIV-infected prisoners in South Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study.

Background: Maintaining optimal adherence and viral suppression in people living with HIV (PLWH) is essential to ensure both preventative and therapeutic benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Prisoners bear a particularly high burden of HIV infection and are highly likely to transmit to others during and after incarceration. However, the level of treatment adherence and viral suppression in incarcerated populations in low-income countries is unknown.

Promise and peril-defining ethical telehealth practice from the clinician and patient perspective: A qualitative study.

Objectives: We undertook a qualitative study to examine and compare the experience of ethical principles by telehealth practitioners and patients in relation to service delivery theory. The study was conducted prior to and during the recent global increase in the use of telehealth services due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 telehealth practitioners and patients using constructionist grounded theory methods to collect and analyse data.

Various structural factors influenced early antiretroviral therapy initiation amongst HIV infected prisoners: a qualitative exploration in South Ethiopia.

Background: Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), non-AIDS related comorbidities and mortality, and prevents transmission. However, the prevalence of delayed ART initiation amongst prisoners in sub-Saharan African countries is high and the contributing factors to this are relatively unknown.

Methods: Qualitative interviewing was employed to understand the prisoners' lived world with regard to initiating ART and associated barriers and facilitators in the South Ethiopian prison system.

The Value of Applying Ethical Principles in Telehealth Practices: Systematic Review.

Background: As the use of technology to deliver health services is increasing rapidly and has further intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic, these initiatives may fail if ethical impacts are not fully identified and acted upon by practitioners. Ignoring the ethical impacts of information and communication technology health service delivery creates an unintended risk for patients and can lead to reduced effectiveness, noncompliance, and harm, undermining the best intentions of governments and clinicians.

Objective: Our aim was to explore how ethical considerations or impacts may be different, greater, or more variable in information and communication technology methods versus face-to-face health care delivery models, and how they may be applied in practice.

A qualitative inquiry of professionals' perceptions of bilingualism for children with language delay.

This study aimed to understand the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of early childhood health and education professionals on bilingualism and heritage language maintenance for children with language delay, and how their interactions with caregivers may influence the decision-making process to maintain or not maintain speaking heritage languages with children. A qualitative methodology was used to explore the research aims. Seven early childhood health and education professionals with experience working with bilingual families participated in in-depth interviews.

A systematic review and meta-analyses on initiation, adherence and outcomes of antiretroviral therapy in incarcerated people.

Background: Incarcerated people are at increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection relative to the general population. Despite a high burden of infection, HIV care use among prison populations is often suboptimal and varies among settings, and little evidence exists explaining the discrepancy. Therefore, this review assessed barriers to optimal use of HIV care cascade in incarcerated people.

An exploratory study of the acceptability of indoor residual spraying for malaria control in upper western Ghana.

Background: Despite the implementation of the World Health Organisation's recommended indoor residual spraying (IRS) intervention in the upper west region of Ghana to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality, the uptake of this intervention remains low. This study explores the facilitators and barriers to the acceptability and community uptake of indoor residual spraying in a highly endemic region of Ghana.

Methods: The health belief model (HBM) and realist evaluation framework were used to inform the study.

Changing Epidemiology of Gonorrhea in Adelaide, South Australia.

Background: Gonorrhea is a significant public health concern. The changing epidemiology of gonorrhea in Australia has highlighted the need for detailed examination of surveillance data to determine population groups at greatest risk for infection.

Methods: We analyzed deidentified gonorrhea notification data for the years 2012 to 2017, in Adelaide (N = 3680), calculating age-adjusted notification and antibiotic resistance rates.

Using a nominal group technique to approach consensus on a resilience intervention for smoking cessation in a lower socioeconomic population.

Background: Smoking prevalence remains inequitably high for lower SES (socioeconomic status) populations. The psychosocial interactive model of resilience theorises that resilience might be 'switched on' in order to support and/or maintain smoking cessation for these populations. This study aimed to develop a Resilience Intervention for Smoking Cessation (RISC) through reviewing the extant literature around efficacious interventions for smoking cessation.

Tailoring of a Smartphone Smoking Cessation App (Kick.it) for Serious Mental Illness Populations: Qualitative Study.

Background: Smoking rates of Australians with severe mental illness (SMI) are disproportionately higher than the general population. Despite the rapid growth in mobile health (mHealth) apps, limited evidence exists to inform their design for SMI populations.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the feasibility, acceptability, and utility of adapting a novel smoking cessation app (Kick.

The distribution and socioeconomic burden of Hepatitis C virus in South Australia: a cross-sectional study 2010-2016.

Background: Hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) is a communicable disease of increasing global importance with 1.75 million new infections and 400,000 related deaths annually. Until recently, treatment options have had low uptake and most infected people remain untreated.

Does Resilience Moderate the Relationship Between Stress and Smoking Status?

Background: There is a growing evidence that resilience to stress can promote nonsmoking. However, few studies have undertaken quantitative research to investigate whether resilience, generated by internal and external factors, moderates the impact of stress on the likelihood of smoking.

Objective: This study aims to help fill this knowledge gap in relation to smokers and ex-smokers, and those people who have never smoked.

The Importance of Water Typologies in Lay Entomologies of Habitat, Breeding and Dengue Risk: A Study from Northern Australia.

Dengue fever is making a significant comeback globally and its control still depends largely on residents' actions. Community awareness and education are central to its management; however, programmes have had limited impact, because they are often based on short-term research and limited awareness of the socio-ecological contexts wherein local knowledge of dengue and its vectors (lay entomology) is produced and enacted in and through place. Long-term studies of lay knowledge of dengue vectors are very rare, even though they are essential to the development of effective, targeted community education campaigns and mobilisation.

Pain Self-Management: Easier Said than Done? Factors Associated with Early Dropout from Pain Self-Management in a Rural Primary Care Population.

Objective: To explore whether psychosocial or demographic factors are associated with early dropout from pain self-management in a rural, low-socioeconomic status population.

Design: Secondary analysis of retrospective data.

Setting: Multidisciplinary pain clinic located in an outer regional area of Australia.

Retaining Traditional Dietary Practices among Greek Immigrants to Australia: The Role of Ethnic Identity.

This article explores why some Greek immigrants to Australia continue to adhere to a traditional Mediterranean diet whereas others have adopted eating behaviors characteristic of a less healthy "Australian" diet. Twelve qualitative interviews were conducted and comparisons made between individuals consuming more (n = 6) and less traditional diets (n = 6). The level of adherence to the diet was previously assessed by a diet score in a separate quantitative study (MEDIS-Australia) from which the subset of 12 participants for the present study was recruited.

The barriers and facilitators that indigenous health workers experience in their workplace and communities in providing self-management support: a multiple case study.

Background: The inequality in health outcomes between Indigenous (Throughout the paper, the term Indigenous will be used to represent both Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islander Australians.) and non-Indigenous Australians continues to be a major public health issue. Chronic conditions are responsible for the majority of the gap in life expectancy for this population.

How Australian general practitioners engage in discussions about alcohol with their patients: a cross-sectional study.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate factors that inhibit and facilitate discussion about alcohol between general practitioners (GPs) and patients.

Design: Data analysis from a cross-sectional survey.

Setting And Participants: 894 GP delegates of a national health seminar series held in five capital cities of Australia in 2014.

"I have never experienced any problem with my health. So far, it hasn't been harmful": older Greek-Australian smokers' views on smoking: a qualitative study.

Background: Smoking tobacco products is one of the largest preventable health risk factors for older people. Greek-Australians have the highest prevalence of cigarette use in Australia for older people, but there is a lack of knowledge about Greek-Australian's perspectives on smoking cessation. The purpose of this exploratory, qualitative study was to progress the knowledge base in this area.

Type of unit and population served matters when implementing a smoke-free policy in mental health settings: Perceptions of unit managers across England.

Background: Globally, smoking remains a significant issue for mental health populations. Many mental health trusts in England are facing challenges of implementing the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance according to which all mental health settings, no matter the type, should be entirely smoke-free and provide comprehensive smoking cessation support.

Aim: The aim of this paper was to determine if unit type and unit manager smoking status influence mental health smoke-free policy implementation.

Understanding socio-cultural influences on smoking among older Greek-Australian smokers aged 50 and over: facilitators or barriers? A qualitative study.

Smokers of all ages can benefit by quitting, but many smokers continue to smoke. Older Greek-Australian smokers, one of the largest ethnic groups in Australia, have higher rates of smoking than other groups of older Australians. This qualitative study aimed to explore older Greek-Australians' views about socio-cultural influences on their smoking.