Anti-interleukin-21 antibody and liraglutide for the preservation of β-cell function in adults with recent-onset type 1 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial.

Background: Type 1 diabetes is characterised by progressive loss of functional β-cell mass, necessitating insulin treatment. We aimed to investigate the hypothesis that combining anti-interleukin (IL)-21 antibody (for low-grade and transient immunomodulation) with liraglutide (to improve β-cell function) could enable β-cell survival with a reduced risk of complications compared with traditional immunomodulation.

Methods: This randomised, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, double-dummy, double-blind, phase 2 trial was done at 94 sites (university hospitals and medical centres) in 17 countries.

Prospective study evaluating the use of nasal glucagon for the treatment of moderate to severe hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes in a real-world setting.

In the present multicentre, open-label, prospective, phase III study, we evaluated the real-world effectiveness and ease of use of nasal glucagon (NG) in the treatment of moderate/severe hypoglycaemic events (HEs) in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Patients and caregivers were taught how to use NG (3 mg) to treat moderate/severe HEs, record the time taken to awaken or return to normal status, and measure blood glucose (BG) levels over time. Questionnaires were used to collect information about adverse events and ease of use of NG.

Efficacy and safety of switching from sitagliptin to liraglutide in subjects with type 2 diabetes (LIRA-SWITCH): a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled 26-week trial.

Aims: To confirm superiority on glycaemic control by switching from sitagliptin to liraglutide 1.8 mg/d versus continued sitagliptin.

Materials And Methods: A randomized, multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled trial across 86 office- or hospital-based sites in North America, Europe and Asia.

Dose-dependent antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of perindopril in a large, observational, 12-week, general practice-based study.

Background: Current guidelines recommend the use of full therapeutic dosages of antihypertensive agents, or combination therapy, to improve BP control of hypertensive patients in primary healthcare.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the dose-dependent antihypertensive efficacy and safety of perindopril 4 and 8 mg/day in the clinical setting.

Study Design And Setting: The CONFIDENCE study was a prospective, observational, multicenter trial.

Understanding velocity of sound in trabecular bone via computer simulations.

Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by low bone mass and micro-architectural deterioration leading to non-traumatic fractures of the skeleton. It is a potentially debilitating condition especially for senior citizens. There is growing interest for quantitative ultrasound to measure bone mineral density.

Principles of management of osteometabolic disorders affecting the aging spine.

Osteoporosis is the most common contributing factor of spinal fractures, which characteristically are not generally known to produce spinal cord compression symptoms. Recently, an increasing number of medical reports have implicated osteoporotic fractures as a cause of serious neurological deficit and painful disabling spinal deformities. This has been corroborated by the present authors as well.

Hyperthyroidism due to a pituitary TSH secreting tumour with amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea.

A 20-year-old female presented with thyrotoxicosis associated with amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea after oral contraceptive withdrawal. Serum TSH was persistently elevated (mean: 28 +/- 3.1 microU/ml during 24-h sampling and did not vary significantly after TRH, bromocriptine or somatostatin.

Combination drug therapy in treatment of Paget's disease of bone: clinical and metabolic response.

Twenty-seven patients with symptomatic Paget's disease of bone were randomly treated with mithramycin, glucagon, and calcitonin given either alone or in combination. Mithramycin, at a dose of fifteen micrograms per kilogram of body weight per day, proved to be a relatively safe drug and elicited a rapid response with only transient side effects. Calcitonin combined with mithramycin was the most effective therapy.