Proposal for classification of the circumaortic renal collar's morphology.

In the present study, we propose a classification of the different forms of the circumaortic renal collar based on the findings of 319 patients and on a literature review. The patients underwent a CT angiography scan of the abdomen for various diagnostic reasons. The different forms in which the circumaortic renal collar may appear were categorized.

Anatomical variations in the branches of the human aortic arch in 633 angiographies: clinical significance and literature review.

Background: The variations of vessels arising from the aortic arch are numerous. The purpose of the present study is the description of the aortic arch branches' variations, in order to offer useful data to anatomists, radiologists, vascular, neck and thorax surgeons. In addition, literature has been reviewed so as to enable a comparison of our results with those of other studies and an analysis of the variations' clinical implications is possible.

An unusual bilateral sternalis muscle.

In the current study, we present a bilateral sternalis muscle, which was found during routine dissection of a 64 years-old Caucasian male cadaver. At the right side, the muscle had an unusual morphology, namely it consisted of three almost parallel strap-like muscle slips. Moreover, we discuss the innervation, origin and incidence of this variation, which are under controversy, as well as its clinical relevance.

Anatomical variation of left internal jugular vein: clinical significance for an anaesthesiologist.

Background And Objectives: Cannulation of a central vein is an everyday procedure in anaesthesiology. However, anatomical variations of the size and/or location of the internal jugular vein might prevent cannulation, while repeated efforts might lead to severe complications. The aim of this retrospective study was to explore anatomical abnormalities of the internal jugular vein with regard to diameter of the vein's lumen and to define their clinical significance.

An accessory double cystic duct with single gallbladder.

A case of double cystic duct was detected during preparation of cadavers for educational purposes in a 76 year old woman. The two cystic ducts formed a triangular formation with the common hepatic duct. That is the fifteenth reported case in the literature.

High origin of a superficial ulnar artery arising from the axillary artery: anatomy, embryology, clinical significance and a review of the literature.

The superficial ulnar artery (SUA) is an ulnar artery of high origin that lies superficially in the forearm. Its reported frequency ranges from 0.17% to 2%.

Bilateral accessory thoracodorsal artery.

The subscapular artery arises from the third part of the axillary artery and gives off the circumflex scapular and the thoracodorsal arteries. Although anatomical variations of the axillary artery are very common, the existence of a unilateral accessory thoracodorsal artery has been described in the literature only once. There are no reports of bilateral accessory thoracodorsal artery, in the literature.

Malunion of the clavicle causes significant glenoid malposition: a quantitative anatomic investigation.

Objective: An experimental cadaver model was used to assess the effects of a malunited fracture of the middle third of the clavicle on the functional anatomy of the shoulder joint.

Method: Anatomic samples were prepared with simulated shortening and axial malposition of the clavicle. From these, alterations in glenoid fossa position were measured and depicted graphically.

Proposal for classification of the suprascapular notch: a study on 423 dried scapulas.

The present study proposes a simple and reproducible method to classify the morphology of the suprascapular notch (SSN), on the basis of specific geometrical parameters that clearly distinguish one type from another. Four hundred twenty-three dried scapulas from the Department of Anatomy in the University of Cologne, Germany, were examined. Five types of SSN were observed: type I, without a discrete notch, 35 (8.

Correlation between the four types of acromion and the existence of enthesophytes: a study on 423 dried scapulas and review of the literature.

The purpose of this study was to correlate the four types of acromial shape with the existence of enthesophytes, which together comprise two important parameters for subacromial impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tears. In addition, a review of the literature was carried out. Four hundred twenty-three dried scapulas were studied at the Department of Anatomy in the University of Cologne, Germany.

Variations of the course of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus and their clinical significance for the thoracic outlet syndrome: a study on 93 cadavers.

The aim of this study is the recording of the variations of the course of the upper trunk (UT) of the brachial plexus (BP) and their clinical significance for the thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) and the anesthetic blockade of the BP. Five different anatomical variations of the course of the UT of the BP, in relation to the anterior scalene muscle (ASM), were observed in 24 out of the 186 sides of the 93 cadavers we studied (12.9%).

The course of the greater occipital nerve in the suboccipital region: a proposal for setting landmarks for local anesthesia in patients with occipital neuralgia.

The anatomical relationships of the greater occipital nerve (GON) to the semispinalis capitis muscle (SCM) and the trapezius muscle aponeurosis (TMA) were examined to identify topographic landmarks for use in anesthetic blockade of the GON in occipital neuralgia. The course and the diameter of the GON were studied in 40 cadavers (29 females, 11 males), and the points where it pierced the SCM and the TMA were identified. The course of the GON did not differ between males and females.

Frontal sinus anatomical variations with potential consequences for the orbit. Study on cadavers.

Anatomical variations of the frontal sinuses that may play a role in the correlation between frontal sinusitis and orbital complications are described. There were used 18 cadavers during routine educational cadaver dissections, one month after theirs withdrawal from the formol basin. The dissections of the cranial cavity and the orbits were performed so as to reveal the frontal sinuses.

Preaortic iliac venous confluence. Marsupial vena cava. Case report.

Anomalous anatomic location of a large venous system is a very important assessment before aortic operations. Ours was an anatomical finding of a case of preaortic iliac confluence, a variation also known as 'marsupial vena cava'. As abdominal aortic surgery is currently performed routinely, rare anatomical anomalies must be spotted, in order to avoid injury to surrounding organs.

Further observations on the vascular system of the gallbladder in man.

The authors present an experimental study of the vascularization of the gallbladder, which was conducted by means of corrosion casting technique. Casts of the vessels of all calibers of 20 gallbladders were prepared. Our observations concern the morphology of the arteries and the veins of the gallbladder, the architecture of the fine vessels of the microcirculation, the vascular communications between the gallbladder and the proximal part of the liver and, also, the vessels of the latter.

The use of unsaturated polyester resin solutions in preparing casts of the renal vessels.

A technique to prepare casts of the renal vessels using unsaturated polyester resin solutions is described. The dimensions, morphology and relations of the vessels are very well represented by the casts. The methods is economical and easy to apply and the casts can be used for both teaching and pathologic research.

A variation in the formation of the brachial plexus characterized by the absence of C8 and T1 fibers in the trunk of the median nerve.

During the dissection of a male cadaver, 80 years old, it was observed that the right median nerve was formed by the junction of two nerve trunks, one originating from the upper and the other from the middle trunk of the brachial plexus (C5, C6 and C7 neurotomes), with subsequent absence of formation of the lateral cord of the plexus. The place of junction lay at 52 mm from the exit of the C6 and C7 nerves from the spine. The musculocutaneous nerve arised from the median nerve after a 38 mm course of the latter.