A cross-sectional analysis of falsified, counterfeit and substandard medicines in a low-middle income country.

Background: High prevalence of falsified, counterfeit and substandard medicines pose a threat to public health and treatment failure. This study aimed to investigate the quality of selected essential medicines available in Mongolia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study collected essential medicines from pharmacy outlets in Mongolia, during June and July, 2017.

Availability, affordability and costs of pediatric medicines in Mongolia.

Background: The Essential Medicines List for Children (EMLc) was developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) to assist member countries to achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDG). The Government of Mongolia has adopted a National Essential Drug List (NEDL) with the seventh update published in 2014. The objective of this study was to determine the accessibility, availability and costs of essential pediatric medicines in Mongolia.

Drug pricing and reimbursement decision making systems in Mongolia.

Background: It is essential to allocate available resources equitably in order to ensure accessibility and affordability of essential medicines, especially in less fortunate nations with limited health funding. Currently, transparent and evidence based research is required to evaluate decision making regarding drug registration, drug pricing and reimbursement processes in Mongolia.

Objective: To assess the drug reimbursement system and discuss challenges faced by policy-makers and stakeholders.

Prevalence estimates of substandard drugs in Mongolia using a random sample survey.

To determine the prevalence of substandard drugs in urban (Ulaanbaatar) and rural (selected provinces) areas of Mongolia, samples of 9 common, therapeutically important drugs were collected from randomly selected drug outlets in Ulaanbaatar and 4 rural provinces by "mystery shoppers". Samples were analyzed by visual inspection, registration status, and biochemical analysis. Samples failing to meet all Pharmacopeia quality tests were considered substandard.

Artemisioside, a new monoterpene glucoside from the aerial parts of Artemisia ordosica (Asteraceae).

A new monoterpene glucoside, artemisioside, was isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia ordosica Krasch. (Asteraceae). The chemical structure was elucidated from physicochemical data and by the application of Klyne's rule.