Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Apparently Healthy, Young Adults.

Importance: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence in apparently healthy adults younger than 40 years ranges from 4 to 14 per 100 000 person-years worldwide. Of an estimated 350 000 to 450 000 total annual out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in the US, approximately 10% survive.

Observations: Among young adults who have had cardiac arrest outside of a hospital, approximately 60% die before reaching a hospital (presumed sudden cardiac death), approximately 40% survive to hospitalization (resuscitated sudden cardiac arrest), and 9% to 16% survive to hospital discharge (sudden cardiac arrest survivor), of whom approximately 90% have a good neurological status (Cerebral Performance Category 1 or 2).

Emergent network properties link phenotypic modules to ecomorphological divergence in carnivoran mammals.

The skull is the skeletal core of a multicomponent, multifunctional system that controls organismal activities. A common set of skeletal modules is known in mammal skulls and is correlated to developmental and functional compartmentalization. However, it is unclear to what extent these modules further organize into, and evolve as, higher-level networks.

The Carnivoran Adaptive Landscape Reveals Trade-offs among Functional Traits in the Skull, Appendicular, and Axial Skeleton.

Analyses of form-function relationships are widely used to understand links between morphology, ecology, and adaptation across macroevolutionary scales. However, few have investigated functional trade-offs and covariance within and between the skull, limbs, and vertebral column simultaneously. In this study, we investigated the adaptive landscape of skeletal form and function in carnivorans to test how functional trade-offs among these skeletal regions contribute to ecological adaptations and the topology of the landscape.

Inheritance of Imaging Parameters of Arrhythmic Risk in Mitral Valve Prolapse: A Pedigree Study.

Background: A subset of patients with mitral valve prolapse (MVP), a highly heritable condition, experience sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) or sudden cardiac death (SCD). However, the inheritance of phenotypic imaging features of arrhythmic MVP remains unknown.

Methods: We recruited 23 MVP probands, including 9 with SCA/SCD and 14 with frequent/complex ventricular ectopy.

Heritable Burden of Community Sudden Death by Autopsy and Molecular Phenotyping for Precision Genotype Correlation.

Background: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) genetic studies neglect the majority occurring in older decedents with cardiovascular pathology.

Objectives: This study sought to determine the burden of genetic disease in unselected adult sudden deaths by precision genotype-postmortem phenotype correlation.

Methods: The authors used autopsy, histology, and toxicology to adjudicate cause and identify high-suspicion phenotypes (eg, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) among presumed SCDs aged 18 to 90 years referred to the county medical examiner from February 2011 to January 2018.

HIV-Associated Heart Failure: Phenotypes and Clinical Outcomes in a Safety-Net Setting.

Background: HIV is associated with increased risk of heart failure (HF) but data regarding phenotypes of HF and outcomes after HF diagnosis, especially within the safety net where half of people with HIV in the United States receive care, are less clear.

Methods And Results: Using an electronic health record cohort of all individuals with HF within a municipal safety-net system from 2001 to 2019 linked to the National Death Index Plus, we compared HF phenotypes, all-cause mortality, HF hospitalization, and cause of death for individuals with and without HIV. Among people with HF (n=14 829), 697 individuals had HIV (4.

Transcriptomic Profiling of Human Myocardium at Sudden Death to Define Vulnerable Substrate for Lethal Arrhythmias.

Background: While some chronic pathological substrates for sudden cardiac death (SCD) are well known (eg, coronary artery disease and left ventricular [LV] dysfunction), the acute vulnerable myocardial state predisposing to fatal arrhythmia remains a critical barrier to near-term SCD prevention.

Objectives: This study sought to define the distinct myocardial transcriptomic profile of autopsy-defined arrhythmic sudden deaths, compared to nonarrhythmic sudden deaths and trauma deaths, to determine the acute vulnerable state in the hours to days before SCD.

Methods: We used autopsy to adjudicate arrhythmic from nonarrhythmic causes in 1,265 sudden deaths in San Francisco County from 2011 to 2018.

Relationship between tooth macrowear and jaw morphofunctional traits in representative hypercarnivores.

The mammalian adult dentition is a non-renewable resource. Tooth attrition and disease must be accommodated by individuals using behavioral, physiological, and/or musculoskeletal shifts to minimize impact on masticatory performance. From a biomechanical perspective, the musculoskeletal system becomes less efficient at producing bite force for a given amount of muscle input force over an individual's life, because tooth-food contact area increases as cusps wear.

Framing emission gain layers for perovskite light-emitting diodes using polycaprolactone-silver nanoparticles featuring Förster resonance energy transfer and Purcell effects.

In this study, a new emission gain layer for perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) is presented to improve their performance. The emission gain layer consisting of absorption-stable silver nanoparticles is prepared using the post-addition method of the polycaprolactone capping agent (PCL@AgNPs-P). This layer (PCL@AgNPs-P) effectively improves the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the low- (minor) and high- (major) phases in a quasi2D perovskite system, thereby increasing the major emission intensity and efficiency.

Sexual Dimorphism and Divergent Evolutionary Pathways in Primate Cranial Biomechanics: Insights From a Theoretical Morphology Framework.

The mammalian order Primates is known for widespread sexual dimorphism in size and phenotype. Despite repeated speculation that primate sexual size dimorphism either facilitates or is in part driven by functional differences in how males and females interact with their environments, few studies have directly assessed the influence of sexual dimorphism on performance traits. Here, we use a theoretical morphology framework to show that sexual dimorphism in primate crania is associated with divergent biomechanical performance traits.

Discovery and determination of misuse and chemotypes of Pogostemon cablin by liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with diode-array detector.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has garnered significant scientific interest in healthcare but faces increased regulatory scrutiny due to concerns about uncontrolled usage. This study focuses on characterizing Pogostemon cablin (PC) to mitigate potential misuse and identify chemotype differences. Leveraging untargeted metabolomics, we identified 222 distinctive features effectively differentiating PC from Agastache rugosa (AR), reducing misidentification risks.

Aberrancy masquerading as ventricular tachycardia: Importance of invasive electrophysiology study for diagnosis of wide complex tachycardias.

Background: Differentiation between ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with aberrancy based on the 12‑lead ECG alone can be imprecise. Implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICD) may be inserted for presumed VT, particularly in patients with syncopal presentation or atypical aberrancy patterns. Accurate diagnosis of these patients facilitated by an electrophysiology study (EPS) may alter diagnosis and management.

Growing sabers: Mandibular shape and biomechanical performance trajectories during the ontogeny of Smilodon fatalis.

The evolution of organisms can be studied through the lens of developmental systems, as the timing of development of morphological features is an important aspect to consider when studying a phenotype. Such data can be challenging to obtain in fossil amniotes owing to the scarcity of their fossil record. However, the numerous remains of Rancho La Brea allow a detailed study of the postnatal changes in an extinct sabertoothed felid: Smilodon fatalis.

HIV-Associated Heart Failure: Phenotypes and Clinical Outcomes in a Safety-Net Setting.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with increased risk of heart failure (HF) but data regarding phenotypes of heart failure and outcomes after HF diagnosis, especially within the safety-net which is where half of people with HIV in the United States receive care, are less clear.

Methods: Using an electronic health record cohort of all individuals with HF within a municipal safety-net system from 2001-2019 linked to the National Death Index Plus, we compared HF phenotypes, all-cause mortality, HF hospitalization, and cause of death for individuals with and without HIV.

Results: Among people with HF (n=14,829), 697 individuals had HIV (4.

Virtual reconstruction of the Canis arnensis type (Canidae, Mammalia) from the Upper Valdarno Basin (Italy, Early Pleistocene).

Taphonomic deformation, whether it be brittle or plastic, is possibly the most influential process hindering the correct understanding of fossil species morphology. This is especially true if the deformation affects type specimens or applies to or obscures taxonomically diagnostic or functionally significant traits. Target Deformation, a recently developed virtual manipulation protocol, was implemented to address this issue by applying landmark-guided restoration of the original, deformed fossils, using undeformed specimens (or parts thereof) of the same species as a reference.

Bending performance changes during prolonged canine eruption in saber-toothed carnivores: A case study of Smilodon fatalis.

The canine of saber-toothed predators represents one of the most specialized dental structures known. Hypotheses about the function of hypertrophied canines range from display and conspecific interaction, soft food processing, to active prey acquisition. Recent research on the ontogenetic timing of skull traits indicates the adult canine can take years to fully erupt, but the consequences of prolonged eruption on inferences of canine functional morphology are missing from current discourse and have not been quantified.

Acute alcohol exposure and electrocardiographic changes: Finding from the HOLIDAY trial.

Background: Alcohol consumption is associated with a higher increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), but the acute effects on cardiac electrophysiology in humans remain poorly understood. The HOw ALcohol InDuces Atrial TachYarrhythmias (HOLIDAY) Trial revealed that alcohol shortened pulmonary vein atrial effective refractory periods, but more global electrophysiologic changes gleaned from the surface ECG have not yet been reported.

Methods: This was a secondary analysis of the HOLIDAY Trial.

Uncovering the mosaic evolution of the carnivoran skeletal system.

The diversity of vertebrate skeletons is often attributed to adaptations to distinct ecological factors such as diet, locomotion, and sensory environment. Although the adaptive evolution of skull, appendicular skeleton, and vertebral column is well studied in vertebrates, comprehensive investigations of all skeletal components simultaneously are rarely performed. Consequently, we know little of how modes of evolution differ among skeletal components.

Enhancing the Photoelectrochemical Performance of a Nanoporous Silicon Photocathode through Electroless Nickel Deposition.

Renewable energy sources, particularly solar energy, are key to our efforts to decarbonize. This study investigates the photoelectrochemical (PEC) behavior of nanoporous silicon (NPSi) and its Ni-coated hybrid system. The methods involve the application of a Ni coating to NPSi, a process aimed at augmenting catalytic activity, light absorption, and carrier transport.

Efficient CsPbBr Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes Using Sputtered NiO Films as Hole Injection Layers.

Perovskite quantum dots (QDs) have showed excellent optoelectronic properties to extend the application range of novel solid-state lighting, such as perovskite QD based LEDs (QD-LEDs). However, the traditional device structure of perovskite QD-LEDs employed PEDOT:PSS as a hole inject layer (HIL), which impairs stability due to acidic surface characteristics. This study proposes the sputtered NiO films as an HIL to replace acidic PEDOT:PSS.