The Detrimental Effect of Stroke on Motor Adaptation.

Background: While it is evident that stroke impairs motor control, it remains unclear whether stroke impacts motor adaptation-the ability to flexibly modify movements in response to changes in the body and the environment. The mixed results in the literature may be due to differences in participants' brain lesions, sensorimotor tasks, or a combination of both.

Objective: We first sought to better understand the overall impact of stroke on motor adaptation and then to delineate the impact of lesion hemisphere and sensorimotor task on adaptation poststroke.

Fundamental processes in sensorimotor learning: Reasoning, refinement, and retrieval.

Motor learning is often viewed as a unitary process that operates outside of conscious awareness. This perspective has led to the development of sophisticated models designed to elucidate the mechanisms of implicit sensorimotor learning. In this review, we argue for a broader perspective, emphasizing the contribution of explicit strategies to sensorimotor learning tasks.

Minimal impact of chronic proprioceptive loss on implicit sensorimotor adaptation and perceived movement outcome.

Implicit sensorimotor adaptation keeps our movements well calibrated amid changes in the body and environment. We have recently postulated that implicit adaptation is driven by a perceptual error: the difference between the desired and perceived movement outcome. According to this perceptual realignment model, implicit adaptation ceases when the perceived movement outcome-a multimodal percept determined by a prior belief conveying the intended action, the motor command, and feedback from proprioception and vision-is aligned with the desired movement outcome.

Motor adaptation is reduced by symbolic compared to sensory feedback.

Motor adaptation - the process of reducing motor errors through feedback and practice - is an essential feature of human competence, allowing us to move accurately in dynamic and novel environments. Adaptation typically results from sensory feedback, with most learning driven by visual and proprioceptive feedback that arises with the movement. In humans, motor adaptation can also be driven by symbolic feedback.

Differential Aging Effects on Implicit and Explicit Sensorimotor Learning.

Deterioration in motor control is a hallmark of aging, significantly contributing to a decline in quality of life. More controversial is the question of whether and how aging impacts sensorimotor learning. We hypothesized that the inconsistent picture observed in the current literature can be attributed to at least two factors.

Impaired immune responses in the airways are associated with poor outcome in critically ill COVID-19 patients.

Introduction: Mounting evidence indicates that an individual's humoral adaptive immune response plays a critical role in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and that the efficiency of the response correlates with disease severity. The relationship between the adaptive immune dynamics in the lower airways with those in the systemic circulation, and how these relate to an individual's clinical response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, are less understood and are the focus of this study.

Material And Methods: We investigated the adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in paired samples from the lower airways and blood from 27 critically ill patients during the first wave of the pandemic (median time from symptom onset to intubation 11 days).

Perturbation Variability Does Not Influence Implicit Sensorimotor Adaptation.

Implicit adaptation has been regarded as a rigid process that automatically operates in response to movement errors to keep the sensorimotor system precisely calibrated. This hypothesis has been challenged by recent evidence suggesting flexibility in this learning process. One compelling line of evidence comes from work suggesting that this form of learning is context-dependent, with the rate of learning modulated by error history.

Implicit Adaptation Is Modulated by the Relevance of Feedback.

Given that informative and relevant feedback in the real world is often intertwined with distracting and irrelevant feedback, we asked how the relevancy of visual feedback impacts implicit sensorimotor adaptation. To tackle this question, we presented multiple cursors as visual feedback in a center-out reaching task and varied the task relevance of these cursors. In other words, participants were instructed to hit a target with a specific task-relevant cursor, while ignoring the other cursors.

The Origin of Movement Biases During Reaching.

Goal-directed movements can fail due to errors in our perceptual and motor systems. While these errors may arise from random noise within these sources, they also reflect systematic motor biases that vary with the location of the target. The origin of these systematic biases remains controversial.

Advanced feedback enhances sensorimotor adaptation.

It is widely recognized that sensorimotor adaptation is facilitated when feedback is provided throughout the movement compared with when it is provided at the end of the movement. However, the source of this advantage is unclear: continuous feedback is more ecological, dynamic, and available earlier than endpoint feedback. Here, we assess the relative merits of these factors using a method that allows us to manipulate feedback timing independent of actual hand position.

Longitudinal Lower Airway Microbial Signatures of Acute Cellular Rejection in Lung Transplantation.

Acute cellular rejection (ACR) after lung transplant is a leading risk factor for chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Prior studies have demonstrated dynamic microbial changes occurring within the allograft and gut that influence local adaptive and innate immune responses. However, the lung microbiome's overall impact on ACR risk remains poorly understood.

Impact of a rubrene buffer layer on the dynamic magnetic behavior of nickel layers on Si(100).

Interfaces of ferromagnetic/organic material hybrid structures refer to the spin interface that governs physical properties for achieving high spin polarization, low impedance mismatch, and long spin relaxation. Spintronics can add new functionalities to electronic devices by taking advantage of the spin degree of freedom of electrons, which makes understanding the dynamic magnetic properties of magnetic films important for spintronic device applications. Our knowledge regarding the magnetic dynamics and magnetic anisotropy of combining ferromagnetic layer and organic semiconductor by microwave-dependent magnetic measurements remains limited.

Early predictors for maltreatment-related injuries in infancy and long-term mortality: a population-based study.

Introduction: Incidence, health consequences, and social burden associated with child maltreatment appeared to be borne disproportionately by very young children. We conducted a population-based data linkage study to explore child- and family-level factors that affect receiving different diagnoses of maltreatment injuries and investigate excessive mortality throughout toddlerhood.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study comprising 2.

Inflammation in the tumor-adjacent lung as a predictor of clinical outcome in lung adenocarcinoma.

Approximately 30% of early-stage lung adenocarcinoma patients present with disease progression after successful surgical resection. Despite efforts of mapping the genetic landscape, there has been limited success in discovering predictive biomarkers of disease outcomes. Here we performed a systematic multi-omic assessment of 143 tumors and matched tumor-adjacent, histologically-normal lung tissue with long-term patient follow-up.

Lower Airway Dysbiosis Augments Lung Inflammatory Injury in Mild-to-Moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Cigarette smoke is a causative factor; however, not all heavy smokers develop COPD. Microbial colonization and infections are contributing factors to disease progression in advanced stages.

Implicit reward-based motor learning.

Binary feedback, providing information solely about task success or failure, can be sufficient to drive motor learning. While binary feedback can induce explicit adjustments in movement strategy, it remains unclear if this type of feedback also induces implicit learning. We examined this question in a center-out reaching task by gradually moving an invisible reward zone away from a visual target to a final rotation of 7.

Implicit reward-based motor learning.

Binary feedback, providing information solely about task success or failure, can be sufficient to drive motor learning. While binary feedback can induce explicit adjustments in movement strategy, it remains unclear if this type of feedback also induce implicit learning. We examined this question in a center-out reaching task by gradually moving an invisible reward zone away from a visual target to a final rotation of 7.

A unitary mechanism underlies adaptation to both local and global environmental statistics in time perception.

Our duration estimation flexibly adapts to the statistical properties of the temporal context. Humans and non-human species exhibit a perceptual bias towards the mean of durations previously observed as well as serial dependence, a perceptual bias towards the duration of recently processed events. Here we asked whether those two phenomena arise from a unitary mechanism or reflect the operation of two distinct systems that adapt separately to the global and local statistics of the environment.

Structural characterization and electronic properties of Ni/rubrene bilayers with alternative stacking sequences.

Recent progress in organic electronics has attracted interest due to their excellent characteristics that include photovoltaic, light emission, and semiconducting behaviours. Spin-induced properties play important roles in organic electronics, while introducing spin into an organic layer in which spin responses, such as a weak spin-orbital coupling and long spin-relaxation time, allows a variety of spintronic applications to be achieved. However, such spin responses are rapidly attenuated by misalignment in the electronic structure of hybrid structures.