Efficient and Continuous Carrier-Envelope Phase Control for Terahertz Lightwave-Driven Scanning Probe Microscopy.

The fundamental understanding of quantum dynamics in advanced materials requires precise characterization at the limit of spatiotemporal resolution. Ultrafast scanning tunneling microscopy is a powerful tool combining the benefits of picosecond time resolution provided by single-cycle terahertz (THz) pulses and atomic spatial resolution of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). For the selective excitation of localized electronic states, the transient field profile must be tailored to the energetic structure of the system.

Measurement of Temporal Coherence of Free Electrons by Time-Domain Electron Interferometry.

The temporal properties of an electron beam are decisive for modern ultrafast electron microscopy and for the quantum optics of the free electron in laser fields. Here, we report a time-domain interferometer that measures and distinguishes the pure and ensemble coherences of a free-electron beam in a transmission electron microscope via symmetry-breaking shifts of photon-order sideband peaks. This result is a free-electron analog to the reconstruction of attosecond busts and photoemission delays in optical attosecond spectroscopy.

Jitter-free terahertz pulses from LiNbO.

Intense terahertz pulses are indispensable for modern science and technology, but time-critical applications require ultimate stability of the field cycles with respect to a reference clock. Here we report the nonlinear optical generation of terahertz single-cycle fields by femtosecond laser pulses under passive compensation of timing jitter. The converter is based on optical rectification in a slab with two silicon prisms for extracting and combining the emitted Cherenkov radiation from both sides into a single beam.

Attosecond metrology in a continuous-beam transmission electron microscope.

Electron microscopy can visualize the structure of complex materials with atomic and subatomic resolution, but investigations of reaction dynamics and light-matter interaction call for time resolution as well, ideally on a level below the oscillation period of light. Here, we report the use of the optical cycles of a continuous-wave laser to bunch the electron beam inside a transmission electron microscope into electron pulses that are shorter than half a cycle of light. The pulses arrive at the target at almost the full average brightness of the electron source and in synchrony to the optical cycles, providing attosecond time resolution of spectroscopic features.

Tilted-pulse-front excitation of strong quasistatic precursors.

It was recently predicted [M. I. Bakunov, A.

Decay of femtosecond laser-induced plasma filaments in air, nitrogen, and argon for atmospheric and subatmospheric pressures.

The temporal evolution of a plasma channel at the trail of a self-guided femtosecond laser pulse was studied experimentally and theoretically in air, nitrogen (with an admixture of ∼3% O_{2}), and argon in a wide range of gas pressures (from 2 to 760 Torr). Measurements by means of transverse optical interferometry and pulsed terahertz scattering techniques showed that plasma density in air and nitrogen at atmospheric pressure reduces by an order of magnitude within 3-4 ns and that the decay rate decreases with decreasing pressure. The argon plasma did not decay within several nanoseconds for pressures of 50-760 Torr.

[Treatment of purulonecrotic forms of diabetic foot in multipurpose hospital unit].

Results of treatment and inspection of 278 patients with purulonecrotic complications of diabetic foot, treated in septic surgery department of 3rd Central Military-Clinical Hospital n. a. A.

Effect of an electric field on air filament decay at the trail of an intense femtosecond laser pulse.

Air plasma density decay in a filament produced by an intense femtosecond laser pulse in an external electric field was investigated experimentally and theoretically. It was demonstrated by means of the terahertz scattering technique that the rate of plasma decay decreases with increasing electric field. At the electric field of 7 kV/cm the lifetime of plasma with the density above 10(16) cm(-3) was prolonged from 0.

Terahertz difference-frequency generation by tilted amplitude front excitation.

To circumvent a velocity mismatch between optical pump and terahertz waves in electro-optic crystals, we propose to use dual-wavelength optical beams tilted with respect to their planes of equal amplitude. The tilt is achieved by transmission of a dual-wavelength laser beam through a diffraction grating placed on the crystal boundary. The proposed technique extends optical rectification of tilted-front femtosecond laser pulses to difference-frequency generation with longer (nanosecond) pulses.

[About the problem of intraneural introduction of anesthetic at regional blocks].

Research Objective: To raise safety of conduction anesthesia of a humeral plexus by depression of cases of intraneural introduction of anesthetic on the basis of application of ultrasonic scanning during performance of blockade.

Materials And Methods: 137 blockade of a humeral plexus by axillary access are executed. Depending on a method of identification of nerves patients have been distributed on two groups: 1) identification of nerves by means of ultrasonic scanning (n=68); 2) a combination and ultrasonic scanning for identification of nerves (n=69).

[Surgical treatment of simple cysts of the kidney in multiphasic hospital].

The presented work is based on an analysis of survey results and surgical treatment of 418 patients with simple renal cysts during the period from 1995 to 2010. The volume of the cysts ranged from one to 2500 ml. The average volume of the operated cysts was 360.

Plasma filament investigation by transverse optical interferometry and terahertz scattering.

Transverse plasma distribution with 10(17) cm(-3) maximum electron density and 150 μm transverse size in a plasma filament formed in air by an intense femtosecond laser pulse was measured by means of optical interferometry. Two orders of magnitude decay of the electron density within 2 ns was obtained by combined use of the interferometry and newly proposed terahertz scattering techniques. Excellent agreement was obtained between the measured plasma density evolution and theoretical calculation.

[Changes of dynamics of the lymph production after the cannulation of the thoracic duct].

An adequate cannulation of the thoracic duct is always accompanied with appropriate dynamics of the lymph production. As a result, the daily output of lymph increases from 2.0 to 2.

Cherenkov emission of terahertz surface plasmon polaritons from a superluminal optical spot on a structured metal surface.

We propose to launch terahertz surface plasmon polaritons on a structured metal surface by using a femtosecond laser pulse obliquely incident on a strip of an electro-optic material deposited on the surface. The laser pulse creates a nonlinear polarization that moves along the strip with a superluminal velocity and emits surface terahertz waves via the Cherenkov radiation mechanism. We calculate the radiated fields and frequency distribution of the radiated energy for a grooved perfect-conductor surface with a GaAs strip illuminated by Ti:sapphire laser.

[Development of liver surgery at the Vishnevsky Central Military Clinical Hospital].

The work of coloproctological center of Vishnevsky Central Military Clinical Hospital for he last 10 years is analyzed. The increased number of treated patients and surgical interventions is noted. The greatest group includes the oncological patients and 90% of them are operated radically.

[Cryosurgical treatment in metastatic liver cancer].

All patients endured cryosurgical operations well. Right-sided pleurisy developed in one patient that was eliminated by single puncture of pleural cavity. Short thrombocytopenia was observed in two patients.