The Role of CO on Respiration and Metabolism During Hypercapnic and Normocapnic Recovery From Exercise.

High intensity exercise can lead to depletion of CO from the body (hypocapnia). This disturbance becomes more noticeable during recovery or between seasons of intermittent exercise, putting the subject in a neural fatigue state. : A possible hypothesis to address this condition would be to provide high CO mixtures (hypercapnic) during the recovery period from exercise in order to relieve hypocapnia.

The effect of menstrual cycle on maximal breath-hold time.

This study investigated the effect of menstrual cycle phase on breath-hold time (BHT). Twelve healthy females, aged 18-30 yrs, with regular menstrual cycles, without breath-hold (BH) experience, performed a BH protocol which included eight repeated maximal efforts with face immersion in cool water separated by 2-min intervals in two different phases of menstrual cycle; early follicular (EF) phase and midluteal (ML) phase. Respiratory, cardiovascular and hematological responses were studied before, during and after BH efforts.

Novel Virtual User Models of Mild Cognitive Impairment for Simulating Dementia.

Virtual user modeling research has attempted to address critical issues of human-computer interaction (HCI) such as usability and utility through a large number of analytic, usability-oriented approaches as cognitive models in order to provide users with experiences fitting to their specific needs. However, there is demand for more specific modules embodied in cognitive architecture that will detect abnormal cognitive decline across new synthetic task environments. Also, accessibility evaluation of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) requires considerable effort for enhancing ICT products accessibility for older adults.

Repeated apneas and hypercapnic ventilatory response before and after apnea training.

Background: Habitual exposure to carbon dioxide (CO2) is expected, but it is not proven, to dull ventilatory sensitivity to co2 by reducing hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) as it is expressed by the slope of the derived response curve (CO2 sensitivity: ΔVE/ΔPetCO2). It was hypothesized that HCVR is decreased by repeated breath hold maximal efforts (RBHE) before and after apnea training in comparison with no training and the control condition.

Methods: Two groups of breath holders, a control (CBH) group and novices to breath hold activities (NBH), visited the laboratory on four different occasions.

L-cysteine's effect on modulated rat brain enzymes with forced swimming.

Background: Forced exercise is associated with oxidative stress, and L-cysteine (L-cys) administration reduces free-radical production.

Aim: To investigate whether L-cys (5 mg/kg) intraperitoneal administration can ameliorate modulated total antioxidant status (TAS), protein concentration, and the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), (Na+,K+)-ATPase, and Mg2+-ATPase in rat brain after 2 and 3 hr of forced swimming.

Methods: TAS, protein, and enzyme activities were measured spectrophotometrically before and after 2 and 3 hr of exercise without or with L-cys administration.

Evidence for the participation of the stimulated sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of carnitine blood levels of soccer players during a game.

Catecholamines and carnitine blood levels are closely implicated with training. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of sympathetic nervous system stimulation on carnitine and its fraction levels during training. Blood was obtained from 14 soccer players pregame, at intermission, and postgame.

Effect of L-carnitine administration on the modulated rat brain protein concentration, acetylcholinesterase, Na+K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities induced by forced swimming.

Background: Forced exercise produces free radicals and L-carnitine (L-C) administration reduces oxidative stress.

Aim: To investigate whether short (2 hours) or prolonged (3 hours) forced swimming could modulate total antioxidant status (TAS), protein concentration and activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Na(+)K(+)-ATPase and Mg(2+)-ATPase in rat brain following intraperitonal administration of L-C (300 mg/kg).

Methods: TAS, protein and enzyme activities were measured spectrophotometrically.

Alpha-tocopherol supplementation prevents the exercise-induced reduction of serum paraoxonase 1/arylesterase activities in healthy individuals.

Objective: To investigate PON 1/Aryl activities in basketball players with or without alpha-T supplementation pre- and post-training. Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol, alpha-T) reduces lipid peroxidation. Paraoxonase 1/arylesterase (PON 1/Aryl) activities are closely related to oxidation and atherogenesis.

The effect of alpha-Tocopherol supplementation on training-induced elevation of S100B protein in sera of basketball players.

Objective: To investigate the effect of alpha-Tocopherol (alpha-T) supplementation on S100B elevated serum levels in basketball players' training.

Design: Blood was obtained from 10 basketball players pre-exercise (group A), post-exercise (group B) and after 30 days on alpha-T (200 mg/24 h orally) supplementation pre- (group C) and post-training (group D). Blood samples were taken for the evaluation of total antioxidant status (TAS), alpha-T and catecholamines in plasma and S100B and muscle enzyme levels in serum.

alpha-Tocopherol supplementation restores the reduction of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity induced by forced training.

Background: Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity is closely related to free radical production. alpha-Tocopherol (alpha-T) is implicated with the reduction of lipid peroxidation.

Aim: To investigate the effect of training and alpha-T supplementation on the erythrocyte G6PD activity.

alpha-tocopherol supplementation reduces the elevated 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine blood levels induced by training in basketball players.

Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of alpha-tocopherol (alpha-Te) supplementation on DNA oxidative damage induced by heavy training in basketball players.

Methods: Blood was obtained from 10 players before (group A) and after training (group B) and after 1 month on alpha-Te (200 mg/day, orally) supplementation, before (group C) and after training (group D). Total antioxidant status (TAS), muscle enzyme activities and the biomarker of DNA oxidation, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), were measured using commercial kits.

The effect of in vitro homocystinuria on the suckling rat hippocampal acetylcholinesterase.

Unlabelled: Homocystinuria is due to enzymatic deficiencies resulting in elevated blood levels of homocysteine (Hcy), homocystine (Hci), and/or methionine (Met) and the clinical presentation of mental retardation, seizures, and cardiovascular disease. Since these symptoms may be closely implicated with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, we aimed to investigate whether this metabolic disorder affects the hippocampal AChE activity in 21 days suckling Wistar rat hippocampus. Various concentrations of Hcy, Hci (0.

An in vivo and in vitro study of erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase, (Na+, K+)-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities in basketball players on alpha-tocopherol supplementation. The role of L-carnitine.

Background & Aims: Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol, alpha-Te) and carnitine reduce lipid peroxidation. THE AIM WAS TO: To investigate the erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Na+, K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities in basketball players with or without alpha-Te supplementation, before and after training. In vitro, we aimed to find out any additional effect of L-carnitine (L-C) on the modulated enzyme activities.

The beneficial effect of L-cysteine supplementation on DNA oxidation induced by forced training.

Background: Forced training is closely implicated with free radicals production and indication of tissue damage as well as DNA oxidation.

Aim: To investigate the effect of L-cysteine (L-cys) supplementation on DNA oxidative damage found in basketball players after forced training.

Subjects And Methods: Blood was obtained from 10 players pre-game (group A), post-game (group B) and after 1 month L-cys (0.

The effect of L-cysteine and glutathione on inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity by aspartame metabolites in human erythrocyte membrane.

Background: Reports have implicated Aspartame (N-L-a-aspartyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester, ASP) in neurological problems.

Aim: To evaluate Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activities in human erythrocyte membranes after incubation with the ASP metabolites, phenylalanine (Phe), methanol (MeOH) and aspartic acid (Asp).

Methods: Erythrocyte membranes were obtained from 12 healthy individuals and were incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 h with the sum or each of the ASP metabolites separately, which are commonly measured in blood after ASP ingestion.

Alterations in antioxidant status, protein concentration, acetylcholinesterase, Na+, K+-ATPase, and Mg2+-ATPase activities in rat brain after forced swimming.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether exercise stress (short [2 h] or prolonged [5 h] forced swimming in rats) could modulate brain total antioxidant status (TAS), tissue protein concentration, and the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Na +, K +-ATPase, and Mg 2+-ATPase. Protein concentration, TAS and enzyme activities in homogenized rat brain were determined spectrophotometrically. Protein concentration was decreased by 15 % (p < 0.

Erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase activity in subjects with MTHFR 677C-->T genotype.

Background: Increased homocysteine (Hcy) blood levels are correlated with vascular and neurological problems.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in subjects with the MTHFR C677T genotype in relation to Hcy.

Methods: Blood was obtained from 22 individuals with the MTHFR C677T genotype before and after folic acid supplementation and once from controls (n = 30).

The effect of diet on total antioxidant status, erythrocyte membrane Na+,K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities in patients with classical galactosaemia.

Objective: Classical galactosaemia is characterized by high levels of galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1-P), galactose and galactitol. In vitro studies have shown modulation of the rat brain Na+,K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities by Gal-1-P. The aim of this study was to evaluate the erythrocyte membrane Na+,K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities in galactosaemic patients and to correlate them to Gal-1-P, total antioxidant status (TAS) and membrane protein content (PC).

Electron-beam-addressed membrane mirror light modulator for projection display.

The performance of a prototype, reflection-mode projection display based on an electron-beam-addressed membrane mirror light modulator (e-MLM) is described. The e-MLM converts electronic video information into a two-dimensional phase object, that is then schlieren imaged onto a screen. High-contrast dynamic projection of images is demonstrated over a broad range of wavelengths, from the visible to the midinfrared.

Operating modes of a charge-transfer-plate liquid-crystal phase modulator.

New results for an electron-beam-addressed liquid-crystal phase modulator are presented. Local, as well as global, control of liquid-crystal molecular reorientation is demonstrated, and the results of five different operating modes are discussed. Linear phase modulation with depths up to 30pi are demonstrated with this device, as are two-dimensional arrays of computer-generated spherical lenses with actively variable focal lengths.

Electro-optic SLM-based architecture for ternary phase/amplitude filtering.

A new architecture for ternary phase/amplitude spatial light modulation is presented. Based on a polarizationmodulating spatial light modulator, the new architecture may be realized by using available spatial light modulators and additional optics.